Dvorak J, Junge A, Graf-Baumann T, Peterson L. Football is the most popular sport worldwide. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(1 Suppl):3S–4S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546503262283.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Russell M, Kingsley M. Influence of exercise on skill proficiency in soccer. Sports Med. 2011;41(7):523–39. https://doi.org/10.2165/11589130-000000000-00000.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sutton L, Scott M, Wallace J, Reilly T. Body composition of English premier league soccer players: influence of playing position, international status, and ethnicity. J Sports Sci. 2009;27(10):1019–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903030305.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Statistics from Italian football [https://www.figc.it/en/figc/mission-and-governance/statistics-from-italian-football/].
Oliveira CC, Ferreira D, Caetano C, Granja D, Pinto R,Mendes B, et al. Nutrition and Supplementation in Soccer. Sports(Basel). 2017;5(2):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5020028.
Ackland TR, Lohman TG, Sundgot-Borgen J, Maughan RJ, Meyer NL, Stewart AD, et al. Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I.O.C. medical commission. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):227–49. https://doi.org/10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Steffl M, Kinkorova I, Kokstejn J, Petr M. Macronutrient Intake in Soccer Players-A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061305.
Heaton LE, Davis JK, Rawson ES, Nuccio RP, Witard OC, Stein KW, et al. Selected in-season nutritional strategies to enhance recovery for team sport athletes: a practical overview. Sports Med. 2017;47(11):2201–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0759-2.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Williams C, Rollo I. Carbohydrate nutrition and team sport performance. Sports Med. 2015;45(Suppl 1):S13–22.
Article
Google Scholar
Carling C, Orhant E. Variation in body composition in professional soccer players: interseasonal and intraseasonal changes and the effects of exposure time and player position. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(5):1332–9. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cc6154.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Turocy PS, DePalma BF, Horswill CA, Laquale KM, Martin TJ, Perry AC, et al. National Athletic Trainers a: National Athletic Trainers' association position statement: safe weight loss and maintenance practices in sport and exercise. J Athl Train. 2011;46(3):322–36. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-46.3.322.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Paoli A, Bianco A, Grimaldi KA. The ketogenic diet and sport: a possible marriage? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2015;43(3):153–62. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000050.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Krebs HA. The regulation of the release of ketone bodies by the liver. Adv Enzym Regul. 1966;4:339–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/0065-2571(66)90027-6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Cahill GF Jr. Fuel metabolism in starvation. Annu Rev Nutr. 2006;26(1):1–22. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111258.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Evans M, Cogan KE, Egan B. Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: physiological basis for exogenous supplementation. J Physiol. 2017;595(9):2857–71. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273185.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burke LM, Ross ML, Garvican-Lewis LA, Welvaert M, Heikura IA, Forbes SG, et al. Low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs exercise economy and negates the performance benefit from intensified training in elite race walkers. J Physiol. 2017;595(9):2785–807. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273230.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kiens B, Astrup A. Ketogenic diets for fat loss and exercise performance: benefits and safety? Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2015;43(3):109. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000053.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shaw DM, Merien F, Braakhuis A, Maunder ED, Dulson DK. Effect of a ketogenic diet on submaximal exercise capacity and efficiency in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(10):2135–46. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002008.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paoli A, Grimaldi K, D'Agostino D, Cenci L, Moro T, Bianco A, et al. Ketogenic diet does not affect strength performance in elite artistic gymnasts. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9(1):34. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-34.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zajac A, Poprzecki S, Maszczyk A, Czuba M, Michalczyk M, Zydek G. The effects of a ketogenic diet on exercise metabolism and physical performance in off-road cyclists. Nutrients. 2014;6(7):2493–508. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6072493.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Greene DA, Varley BJ, Hartwig TB, Chapman P, Rigney M. A low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet reduces body mass without compromising performance in powerlifting and Olympic weightlifting athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32(12):3373–82. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002904.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vargas S, Romance R, Petro JL, Bonilla DA, Galancho I, Espinar S, et al. Efficacy of ketogenic diet on body composition during resistance training in trained men: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018;15(1):31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0236-9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Volek JS, Freidenreich DJ, Saenz C, Kunces LJ, Creighton BC, Bartley JM, et al. Metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners. Metabolism. 2016;65(3):100–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.028.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cipryan L, Plews DJ, Ferretti A, Maffetone PB, Laursen PB. Effects of a 4-week very low-carbohydrate diet on high-intensity interval training responses. J Sports Sci Med. 2018;17(2):259–68.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Paoli A, Bianco A, Grimaldi KA, Lodi A, Bosco G. Long term successful weight loss with a combination biphasic ketogenic mediterranean diet and mediterranean diet maintenance protocol. Nutrients. 2013;5(12):5205–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5125205.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Leone A, De Amicis R, Lessa C, Tagliabue A, TrentaniC, Ferraris C, et al. Food and Food Products on theItalian Market for Ketogenic Dietary Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051104
Lodi A, Karsten B, Bosco G, Gomez-Lopez M, Brandao PP, Bianco A, et al. The effects of different high-protein low-carbohydrates proprietary foods on blood sugar in healthy subjects. J Med Food. 2016;19(11):1085–95. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2016.0072.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Phinney SD. Ketogenic diets and physical performance. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004;1(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-1-2.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Paoli A, Cenci L, Grimaldi KA. Effect of ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts and low carbohydrates/high-protein meals on weight, cardiovascular risk factors, body composition and diet compliance in Italian council employees. Nutr J. 2011;10(1):112. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-10-112.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Paoli A, Moro T, Bosco G, Bianco A, Grimaldi KA, Camporesi E, et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3) supplementation on some cardiovascular risk factors with a ketogenic Mediterranean diet. Mar Drugs. 2015;13(2):996–1009. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13020996.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
CJ DCH, Schofield GM, Williden M, JA MQ. The effect of medium chain triglycerides on time to nutritional ketosis and symptoms of keto-induction in healthy adults: a randomised controlled clinical trial. J Nutr Metab. 2018;2018:2630565.
Google Scholar
Jager R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, Cribb PJ, Wells SD, Skwiat TM, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Black KE, Skidmore PM, Brown RC. Energy intakes of ultraendurance cyclists during competition, an observational study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012;22(1):19–23. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.1.19.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Control CfD, Prevention: NHANES Anthropometry Procedures Manual. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/bm.pdf. Accessed 2015.
Weir JB. New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. J Physiol. 1949;109(1–2):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1949.sp004363.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rubini A, Bosco G, Lodi A, Cenci L, Parmagnani A, Grimaldi K, et al. Erratum to: effects of twenty days of the ketogenic diet on metabolic and respiratory parameters in healthy subjects. Lung. 2017;195(1):155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-016-9958-0.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chaouachi A, Leiper JB, Chtourou H, Aziz AR, Chamari K. The effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on athletic performance: recommendations for the maintenance of physical fitness. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(Suppl 1):S53–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.698297.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Deprez D, Fransen J, Lenoir M, Philippaerts R, Vaeyens R. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 is reliable in young high-level soccer players. Biol Sport. 2015;32(1):65–70. https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1127284.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Slinde F, Suber C, Suber L, Edwen CE, Svantesson U. Test-retest reliability of three different countermovement jumping tests. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(2):640–4. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181660475.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang Z, Deurenberg P, Wang W, Pietrobelli A, Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB. Hydration of fat-free body mass: review and critique of a classic body-composition constant. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(5):833–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.5.833.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burke LM, Whitfield J, Heikura IA, Ross MLR, Tee N, Forbes SF, et al. Adaptation to a low carbohydrate high fat diet is rapid but impairs endurance exercise metabolism and performance despite enhanced glycogen availability. J Physiol. 2021;599(3):771-90. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP280221.
Shaw DM, Merien F, Braakhuis A, Keaney L, DulsonDK. Adaptation to a ketogenic diet modulates adaptive and mucosal immunemarkers in trained male endurance athletes. Scand JMed Sci Sports. 2021;31(1):140-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13833.
Burke LM, Sharma AP, Heikura IA, Forbes SF, Holloway M, McKay AKA, et al. Crisis of confidence averted: impairment of exercise economy and performance in elite race walkers by ketogenic low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet is reproducible. PLoS One. 2020;15(6):e0234027. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234027.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sjodin A, Hellstrom F, Sehlstedt E, Svensson M, Buren J. Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Muscle Fatigue in Healthy, Young, Normal-Weight Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):955. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040955.
Burke LM. Ketogenic low-CHO, high-fat diet: the future of elite endurance sport? J Physiol. 2021;599(3):819-43. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP278928.
Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, Larson-Meyer DE, Peeling P, Phillips SM, et al. IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(7):439–55. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Youm YH, Nguyen KY, Grant RW, Goldberg EL, Bodogai M, Kim D, et al. The ketone metabolite beta-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nat Med. 2015;21(3):263–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3804.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Thomsen HH, Rittig N, Johannsen M, Moller AB, Jorgensen JO, Jessen N, et al. Effects of 3-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids on muscle protein kinetics and signaling during LPS-induced inflammation in humans: anticatabolic impact of ketone bodies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108(4):857–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy170.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reidy PT, Rasmussen BB. Role of ingested amino acids and protein in the promotion of resistance exercise-induced muscle protein anabolism. J Nutr. 2016;146(2):155–83. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.203208.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Paoli A, Cancellara P, Pompei P, Moro T. Ketogenic diet and skeletal muscle hypertrophy: a frenemy relationship? J Hum Kinet. 2019;68(1):233–47. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0071.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Koutnik AP, D'Agostino DP, Egan B. Anticatabolic effects of ketone bodies in skeletal muscle. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2019;30(4):227–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2019.01.006.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sawyer JC, Wood RJ, Davidson PW, Collins SM, Matthews TD, Gregory SM, et al. Effects of a short-term carbohydrate-restricted diet on strength and power performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(8):2255–62. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31827da314.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilson JM, Lowery RP, Roberts MD, Sharp MH, Joy JM,Shields KA, et al. The effects of ketogenic dieting on body composition,Strength, Power, and Hormonal Profiles in Resistance Training Males. J StrengthCond Res. 2020;34(12):3463-74. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001935.
Vargas-Molina S, Petro JL, Romance R, Kreider RB, Schoenfeld BJ, Bonilla DA, et al. Effects of a ketogenic diet on body composition and strength in trained women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020;17(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00348-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Burke LM. Re-examining high-fat diets for sports performance: did we call the 'Nail in the Coffin' too soon? Sports Med. 2015;45(Suppl 1):S33–49.
Article
Google Scholar
Zinn C, Wood M, Williden M, Chatterton S, Maunder E. Ketogenic diet benefits body composition and well-being but not performance in a pilot case study of New Zealand endurance athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14(1):22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0180-0.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wroble KA, Trott MN, Schweitzer GG, Rahman RS, Kelly PV, Weiss EP. Low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet impairs anaerobic exercise performance in exercise-trained women and men: a randomized-sequence crossover trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2019;59(4):600–7. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08318-4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garthe I, Raastad T, Refsnes PE, Koivisto A, Sundgot-Borgen J. Effect of two different weight-loss rates on body composition and strength and power-related performance in elite athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2011;21(2):97–104. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.2.97.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bueno NB, de Melo IS, de Oliveira SL, da Rocha AT. Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(7):1178–87. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513000548.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paoli A. Ketogenic diet for obesity: friend or foe? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(2):2092–107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110202092.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hall KD, Bemis T, Brychta R, Chen KY, Courville A, Crayner EJ, et al. Calorie for calorie, dietary fat restriction results in more body fat loss than carbohydrate restriction in people with obesity. Cell Metab. 2015;22(3):427–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.021.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ebbeling CB, Swain JF, Feldman HA, Wong WW, Hachey DL, Garcia-Lago E, et al. Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance. JAMA. 2012;307(24):2627–34. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.6607.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ludwig DS, Dickinson SL, Henschel B, Ebbeling CB, Allison DB. Do lower-carbohydrate diets increase Total energy expenditure? An updated and reanalyzed Meta-analysis of 29 controlled-feeding studies. 2021;151(3):482-90. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa350.
Ravussin E, Bogardus C. Relationship of genetics, age, and physical fitness to daily energy expenditure and fuel utilization. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49(5 Suppl):968–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/49.5.968.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tagliabue A, Bertoli S, Trentani C, Borrelli P, Veggiotti P. Effects of the ketogenic diet on nutritional status, resting energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation in patients with medically refractory epilepsy: a 6-month prospective observational study. Clin Nutr (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2012;31(2):246–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Klein GL, Wong JMW, Bielak L, Steltz SK, et al. Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: randomized trial. BMJ. 2018;363:k4583.
Article
Google Scholar
Hall KD, Chen KY, Guo J, Leibel RL, Mayer LE, Reitman ML, et al. Reply to DS Ludwig and CB Ebbeling. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(5):1488–90. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.143628.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cunha GM, Correa de Mello LL, Hasenstab KA, spina L, Bussade I, Prata Mesiano JM, et al. MRI estimated changes in visceral adipose tissue and liver fat fraction in patients with obesity during a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet compared to a standard low-calorie diet. Clin Radiol. 2020.
Moreno B, Crujeiras AB, Bellido D, Sajoux I, Casanueva FF. Obesity treatment by very low-calorie-ketogenic diet at two years: reduction in visceral fat and on the burden of disease. Endocrine. 2016;54(3):681–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-016-1050-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Valenzano A, Polito R, Trimigno V, Di Palma A, Moscatelli F, Corso G, et al. Effects of Very Low Calorie Ketogenic Diet on the Orexinergic System, Visceral Adipose Tissue, and ROS Production. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019;8(12):643. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120643.
Castro AI, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Crujeiras AB, Granero R, Aguera Z, Jimenez-Murcia S, et al. Effect of A Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet on Food and Alcohol Cravings, Physical and Sexual Activity, Sleep Disturbances, and Quality of Life in Obese Patients. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101348.
Perissiou M, Borkoles E, Kobayashi K, Polman R. The Effect of an 8 Week Prescribed Exercise and Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Obese Individuals: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):492. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020482.
Cohen CW, Fontaine KR, Arend RC, Alvarez RD, Leath CA III, Huh WK, et al. A ketogenic diet reduces central obesity and serum insulin in women with ovarian or endometrial Cancer. J Nutr. 2018;148(8):1253–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy119.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wensveen FM, Valentic S, Sestan M, Turk Wensveen T, Polic B. The "big bang" in obese fat: events initiating obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation. Eur J Immunol. 2015;45(9):2446–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201545502.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Del Buono A, Battery L, Denaro V, Maccauro G, Maffulli N. Tendinopathy and inflammation: some truths. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2011;24(1 Suppl 2):45–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/03946320110241S209.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Duren DL, Sherwood RJ, Czerwinski SA, Lee M, Choh AC, Siervogel RM, et al. Body composition methods: comparisons and interpretation. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2008;2(6):1139–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/193229680800200623.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar