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Table 1 Changes in physical fitness variables levels between pre- mid- and post-season

From: Effects of chronic betaine supplementation on performance in professional young soccer players during a competitive season: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Variables

Groups

Pre-Season

Mid-Season

Post-Season

Pre-Post Season

95 % CI Hedge’s g

M±SD

M±SD

M±SD

% Change

Hedge’s g

Lower

Upper

VO2max

BG

48.7±2.2

49.4±2.0€

51.1±2.5*

4.9

1.0 L

0.17

1.73

(ml.kg−1.min−1)

PG

47.5±2.6

48.2±2.6€

48.2±2.1

1.4

0.3 S

-0.44

0.99

CMJ (cm)

BG

40.1±5.1

42.6±4.9€

46.9±5.1*

17.1

1.3 L

0.47

2.09

PG

42.5±4.7

43.6±5.1

44.9±4.5*

5.5

0.5 M

-0.25

1.21

AcT (m/s)

BG

1.96±0.14

1.99±0.14

1.99±0.18

1.4

0.2 S

-0.58

0.90

PG

2.04±0.20

2.12±0.26

2.11±0.23

3.2

0.3 S

-0.44

1.00

SpT (m/s)

BG

4.16±0.34

4.12±0.36€

3.92±0.25*

-5.8

-0.8 L

-1.54

0.00

PG

4.01±0.56

4.03±0.54

4.04±0.49

0.8

0.1 T

-0.66

0.77

CoD (m/s)

BG

2.37±0.15

2.40±0.21

2.41±0.22

2.0

0.2 S

-0.51

0.98

PG

2.29±0.25

2.27±0.24

2.26±0.21

-1.4

-0.1 T

-0.85

0.59

RaP (w)

BG

708.4±168.6

717.1±164.2

845.1±157.0*#

19.3

0.8 L

0.03

1.57

PG

784.2±145.1

785.9±141.2

837.8±137.6*#

6.8

0.4 S

-0.36

1.08

RaM (w)

BG

406.1±92.5

413.5±92.0

435.1±59.1

7.1

0.4 S

-0.39

1.10

PG

453.7±133.6

457.1±132.5

487.1±178.8

7.3

0.2 S

-0.52

0.92

RaA (w)

BG

542.4±107.7

551.0±107.8

616.9±100.0

13.7

0.7 M

-0.08

1.44

PG

605.9±142.9

608.8±142.8

665.6±164.6

9.8

0.4 S

-0.35

1.09

RaFi (w/s)

BG

9.9±4.1

10.2±4.2

14.0±4.9

41.6

0.9 L

0.09

1.64

PG

10.5±3.2

10.8±2.5

13.1±2.3

25.1

0.9 L

0.15

1.66

Leg press (kg)

BG

183.6±8.8

186.6±8.2€

191.8±5.7*

4.5

1.1 L

0.26

1.84

PG

184.4±8.1

186.4±8.0€

187.5±7.8*

1.7

0.4 S

-0.35

1.09

Bench press (kg)

BG

75.3±6.1

76.7±6.1€

81.1±5.9*#

7.7

0.9 L

0.14

1.70

PG

75.6±6.7

77.1±6.3€

78.2±6.5*#

3.4

0.4 S

-0.35

1.09

VL on leg press (kg)

BG

1027.7±194.1

1064.4±145.3

1113.2±116.0

11.5

0.5 M

-0.25

1.26

PG

961.8±193.5

913.6±190.5

940.3±163.5

-0.8

-0.1 T

-0.60

0.83

VL on bench press (kg)

BG

321.0±69.3

326.9±68.5

387.7±63.2

23.1

1 L

0.17

1.74

PG

395.8±64.8

407.1±70.3

421.5±66.7

7.3

0.4 S

-0.35

1.09

  1. M: Mean; SD: Standard deviation; BG: Betaine Group; PG: Placebo Group; VO2max: Maximal oxygen consumption; CMJ: Counter movement jump; AcT: Acceleration time; SpT: Sprint time; CoD: Change of direction; RaP: RAST of peak power; RaM: RAST of minimum power; RaA: RAST of average power; RaFi: RAST of fatigue index; VL: Volume load; P: Pre-Season; P2: Mid- Season; P3: Post- Season; T: Trivial; S: Small; M: Moderate; L: Large
  2. €Represents a statistically significant difference compared to P1-P2 (p<0.05); #Represents a statistically significant difference compared to P2-P3 (p<0.05); *Represents a statistically significant difference compared to P1-P3 (p<0.05)