Table 6 General characteristics of the studies included (Exercise characteristics as anaerobic-based)

[33]

Randomized double-blind crossover

12 M: elite BMX cyclists, age: 19.2 ± 3.4 y, height: 174.2 ± 5.3 cm and

BM: 72.4 ± 8.4 kg

0.3 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or 0.045 g•kg⁻¹ BM of NaCI (PLA)

Ingested 90 min before the trial in gelatin capsules once

3 races of BMX (track length of 400 m) with 15 min interval

↑HCO₃⁻, ↑pH and ↑BE vs. PLA, (12.95 ± 1.3, 7.2 ± 0.05 and − 12.66 ± 3.13 vs. 11.45 ± 1.3, 7.14 ± 0.05 and − 16.27 ± 3.18), =BLa, =HR, =RPE, =VO₂, =VCO₂ and = VE vs. PLA

=Time, = Velocity peak (VP) and = Time to VP vs. PLA

[29]

Double-blind counterbalanced crossover

18 M: rugby, judo (n = 2) and jiu-jitsu (n = 5), age: 26 ± 5 y; BM: 88.8 ± 6.8 kg; height: 1.78 ± 0.07 m;

500 mg/kg BM of CL or NaHCO₃ or CACO₃ (PLA)

Divided into four individual doses of 125 mg/kg BM

Last one within 4 h before trial, ingested in gelatin capsules for 5 consecutive days

4 bouts of the upper body WAnT with 3 min interval

=HCO₃⁻, =pH, =BE, =BLa vs. other conditions

↑ TWM (2.9%) and ↑ 3rd + 4th of Wingate (5.9%) vs. CL and PLA

=1st + 2nd of Wingate

[39]

Randomized crossover

10 M: age: 22 ± 4 y, height: 1.77 ± 0.06 m, BM: 76 ± 9 kg.

0.5 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or 0.2 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaCI (PLA)

Divided into 3 doses

Each dose at 4 h interval on experimental day, ingested as NR once

2 WAnT with 5 min interval

↑HCO₃⁻,↑pH and ↑BE vs. PLA (12.7 ± 1.3, 7.22 ± 0.04 and − 13.7 ± 1.8 vs. 9.5 ± 1.7, 7.15 ± 0.05 and − 17.8 ± 2.1), =BLa vs PLA

↑ Work completed (5 ± 4%) vs. PLA, = Rate of fatigue vs. PLA

=PP (↓PLA, −8 ± 8%)

[28]

Randomized double-blind crossover

13 M: elite swimmers, age: 20.5 ± 1.4 y, BM: 80.1 ± 8.1 kg, height: 188 ± 8 cm

0.3 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or CACO₃ (PLA)

Ingested 60 min before the trial in gelatin capsules once

Two 100 m freestyle sprints with 12 min interval

↑HCO₃⁻, ↑pH and ↑BE vs. PLA (10.61 ± 3.43, 7.15 ± 0.05 and − 18.68 ± 2.91 vs. 7.77 ± 2.41, 7.05 ± 0.06 and − 22.78 ± 2.21), =BLa vs. PLA

= 1st 100 m swim vs. PLA, ↓ Time of 2nd 100 m swim vs. PLA (1.5 s)

[40] a

Randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced

12 M: resistance-trained participants (age: 20.3 ± 2 y, BM:88.3 ± 13.2 kg,

height:1.80 ± 0.07 m)

0.3 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or CACO₃ (PLA)

Divided into 4 equal doses

Each dose consumed at 10 min intervals, 1st dose at 80 min before the trial, ingested in gelatin capsules once

4 sets of SQ, LP and KE with 120 s interval,

10-12RM per set with 90s interval

↑HCO₃⁻, ↑pH, ↑BE and ↑BLa vs. PLA (17.86 ± 3.63, 7.35 ± 0.04, − 7.67 ± 4.16 and 17.16 ± 2.09 vs. 14.19 ± 2.62, 7.09 ± 0.03, − 11.5 ± 3.2 and 12.49 ± 2.45)

↑ Total volume (SQ + LP + KE + PT) vs. PLA (163.7 ± 15.1 vs. 156.7 ± 14.5)

[41]

Double-blind, counterbalanced

21 M, age: 25 ± 5 y, BM: 80.7 ± 10.6 kg,

height: 1.79 ± 0.06 m

0.3 g•kg^− 1 of BM NaHCO₃ or maltodextrin (PLA)

Ingested 0.2 g•kg^− 1 BM alongside the breakfast, 0.1 g•kg^− 1 BM 2 h before the trial in gelatin capsules once

A habituation trial of the cycle-capacity test to exhaustion at 110% of Wmax

↑HCO₃⁻, ↑pH, ↑BE and ↑BLa vs. PLA (15.26 ± 2.78, 7.28 ± 0.05, − 9.6 ± 3.38 and 14.5 ± 2.9 vs. 12.82 ± 2.1, 7.23 ± 0.06, − 12.69 ± 2.8 and 12.4 ± 2)

=TWD, except participants who have GI ↑TWD vs. PLA (48.4 ± 9.3 vs. 46.9 ± 9.2)

[42]a

Randomized double-blind counterbalanced crossover

20 rowers: age: 23 ± 4 y, height: 1.85 ± 0.08 m,

BM: 82.5 ± 8.9 kg,

0.3 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or maltodextrin (PLA)

Ingested 0.2 g•kg^− 1 BM 4 h before and 0.1 g•kg^− 1 BM 2 h before the trial as NR once

2000 m rowing-ergometer TTs

↑HCO₃⁻, ↑pH, ↑BE and ↑BLa vs. PLA (10.56 ± 1.75, 7.18 ± 0.06, − 15.56 ± 2.69 and 16,5 ± 0.9 vs. 9.1 ± 1.71, 7.12 ± 0.07, − 18.13 ± 2.77 and 14.1 ± 0.9)

= Time of 1st and 2nd 500 m, ↓ Time of 3rd and 4th 500 m (0.5 ± 1.2 s and 1.1 ± 1.7 s)

[43]

Randomized, single-blind, counterbalanced

14 swimmers (6 M, hight:181.2 ± 7.2 cm; BM: 80.3 ± 11.9 kg, 8F, height: 168.8 ± 5.6 cm;

BM: 75.3 ± 10.1 kg)

0.3 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or 0.045 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaCI (PLA)

Ingested 2.5 h before the trial as NR once

Completed 8x25m front crawl maximal effort sprints with 5 s interval

↑HCO₃⁻, ↑pH, ↑BE and ↑BLa vs. PLA (16 ± 0.05, 7.26 ± 0.01, − 11.1 ± 0.08 and 17.69 ± 1.06 vs. 13.8 ± 0.6, 7.2 ± 0.02, − 14.6 ± 1.1 and 14.62 ± 1.25), ↓K+ vs PLA (3.8 ± 0.1 vs. 4.4 ± 0.1), =NA⁺

↓Total swim time (2%) vs. PLA

[32]

Randomized, double-blind, counterbalance crossover

10 elite BMX riders, age: 20.7 ± 1.4 y, height: 178.3 ± 2.1 cm and BM: 77.9 ± 2.1 kg,

0.3 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or placebo (PLA)

Ingested 90 min before the trial in gelatin capsules once

3x30s Wingate tests with 15 min interval

↑HCO₃⁻, ↑pH and ↑BE vs. PLA (10.17 ± 1.77, 7.22 ± 0.09 and 16.57 ± 3.51 vs. 6.88 ± 2.78, 7.09 ± 0.03 and − 22.49 ± 1.39), =BLa vs. PLA

=PP, = Time to PP, =Mean power, =Fatigue index vs. PLA

[31]

Randomized double-blind counterbalanced

11 trained cyclists (10 M and 1F), age: 24.5 ± 2.8 y, height: 1.78 ± 2.7 m and

BM: 73.2 ± 3.8 kg

0.3 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or 0.2 g•kg^− 1 BM of CaCO₃ (PLA)

Ingested 90 min before the trial in gelatin capsules once

70s supramaximal exercise

↑HCO₃⁻, ↑pH and ↑BE vs. PLA (19.53 ± 3.98, 7.3 ± 0.03 and − 6.15 ± 3.91 vs. 15.12 ± 3.15, 7.21 ± 0.07 and − 12.67 ± 3.81), =BLa, =VO₂, =VCO₂, =VE, =PO₂, ↑PCO₂ vs. PLA (42 ± 2.99 vs. 38.9 ± 3.65)

↑P50 and ↑Ptot vs. PLA (469.6 ± 28.6 and 564.5 ± 29.5 vs. 448.2 ± 7.7 and 549.5 ± 29.1), =P20 and = Fatigue index vs. PLA

[44]

Randomized double-blind crossover

11 M trained cyclists, age: 32 ± 7.2 y; BM: 77.0 ± 9.2 kg

0.3 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or 0.21 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaCI (PLA)

Ingested 70-40 min before trial (depending on individual time to peak pH) as NR once

3 min all-out critical power test

=HCO₃⁻, =H⁺, =BLa, =PO₂ and = PCO₂ vs. PLA

↑TWD (5.5%) and ↑W′ (14%) vs. PLA,

=CP vs. PLA