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Table 3 Results of Food-Frequency Questionnaire Based on Food Groups (FFQg)

From: Prevalence of iron deficiency among university kendo practitioners in Japan: an observational cohort study

Variables

Male (n = 36)

Female-Normoferritinemia (n = 10)

Female-Hypoferritinemia (n = 7)56

p value

Male versus Female Normo-ferritinemia

Male versus Female Hypo-ferritinemia

Female-Normo- versus Hypo-ferritinemia

Energy (Kcal)

2343.5 [1873–2892]

1784.5 [1366–2062.75]

1269 [1015–2041]

< 0.05

< 0.01

n.s.

Water (g/d)

1222.4 [827.45–1308.25]

749 [552.15–1058.375]

642.7 [418.3–816.5]

< 0.05

< 0.01

n.s.

Protein (g/d)

74.5 [55.55–83.6]

62.85 [43.9–69.4]

37.8 [34.4–68.6]

n.s.

< 0.05

n.s.

Fat (g/d)

62.35 [46.125–77.125]

67.2 [50.25–71.675]

53.6 [36.1–79]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Carbohydrate (g/d)

360.2 [251.275–435.825]

221.95 [188.775–273.125]

156 [110.8–277.7]

< 0.01

< 0.01

n.s.

Ash (g/d)

15.2 [12.675–17.275]

12.85 [10.475–17.6]

10.1 [7.7–14.8]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Na (mg/d)

3601 [2651–4333.25]

2753.5 [2451–3606]

2478 [1931–3128]

n.s.

< 0.05

n.s.

K (mg/d)

1981 [1594.75–2375.75]

1744.5 [1316.75–2641.5]

1291 [872–2024]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Ca (mg/d)

485.5 [400.25–583.75]

500 [338.25–575.5]

333 [250–523]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Mg (mg/d)

247 [185.5–280.75]

196 [162.5–305.75]

135 [106–229]

n.s.

< 0.05

n.s.

P (mg/d)

1042 [759.5–1161.25]

967 [603–1126.25]

578 [488–1015]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Fe (mg/d)

7.35 [5.375–8.6]

6.7 [4.85–9.35]

4.4 [3.4–7.4]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Zn (mg/d)

8.95 [7.3–11]

7.35 [5.55–9]

4.2 [4–8]

n.s.

< 0.01

n.s.

Cu (mg/d)

1.25 [0.995–1.4075]

0.885 [0.6925–1.3825]

0.52 [0.45–1.04]

n.s.

< 0.01

n.s.

Mn (mg/d)

3.115 [2.39–3.8]

1.995 [1.6175–3.2]

1.13 [0.8–2.27]

< 0.05

< 0.01

n.s.

Iodine (μg/d)

394 [243.5–724.5]

432 [197.25–988.5]

249 [101–618]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Se (μg/d)

69 [49.25–78]

58.5 [40–68.5]

40 [31–67]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Cr (μg/d)

6 [4–7]

6.5 [3.75–8.25]

5 [3–7]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Mo (μg/d)

208.5 [145.75–286]

137.5 [111.5–195]

68 [39–148]

n.s.

< 0.01

n.s.

Retinol (μg/d)

162 [110.25–240.75]

167.5 [94.5–268.25]

164 [106–228]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

β-Carotene (μg/d)

1820 [1189.25–2660]

2319 [873–3028.5]

2074 [1068–2357]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

β-Carotene equivalent (μg/d)

2080.25 [1350.475–3059.675]

2942.6 [1034.025–3397.6]

2343.1 [1307.2–2763.7]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Vitamin D (μg/d)

3.6 [2.15–5.475]

3.4 [2.1–5]

1.9 [1.7–4.6]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

αTocopherol (mg/d)

6.65 [4.7–8.2]

6 [4.725–7.725]

4.8 [2.7–7.1]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Vitamin K (μg/d)

150.6 [111.025–180.7]

157.95 [106.25–265.65]

159.5 [61.2–186.6]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Vitamin B1 (mg/d)

1.2 [0.825–1.4]

0.9 [0.675–1.075]

0.6 [0.5–1]

n.s.

< 0.05

n.s.

Vitamin B2 (mg/d)

1 [1–1]

1 [1–1]

1 [1–1]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Niacin (mg/d)

14.615 [10.5125–17.1225]

10.9 [9.11–13.78]

8.26 [5.86–12.3]

n.s.

< 0.05

n.s.

Niacin equivalent (mg/d)

27.755 [20.72–33.2175]

23.145 [17.2375–27.385]

15.5 [12.58–24.84]

n.s.

< 0.05

n.s.

Vitamin B6 (mg/d)

1.1 [0.8–1.2]

0.9 [0.675–1.175]

0.7 [0.4–1]

n.s.

< 0.05

n.s.

Vitamin B12 (μg/d)

3.415 [2.4175–5.13]

3.64 [2.365–4.035]

2 [1.21–4.72]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Folic acid (μg/d)

204.45 [150.45–263.65]

220 [138.5–336.65]

174.6 [97.6–237.4]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Pantothenic acid (mg/d)

6.3 [4.8–6.945]

5.565 [3.56–6.5275]

3.46 [2.79–5.78]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Biotin (μg/d)

26.745 [23.9525–32.4075]

31.125 [19.03–41.8825]

23.02 [18.48–35.83]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Vitamin C (mg/d)

46 [35–71.25]

52.5 [30.5–87.75]

40 [23–56]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Saturated fatty acids (g/d)

18.215 [14.3775–25.56]

20.865 [18.44–24.8]

19.8 [11.03–24.9]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/d)

23.3 [16.525–27.425]

23.365 [17.835–24.6425]

18.29 [13.25–27.98]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/d)

12.41 [10.1175–14.6375]

12.255 [8.6125–15.13]

9.98 [6.28–14.49]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Cholesterol (μg/d)

315.5 [240.5–388.75]

372 [239.25–456.5]

291 [288–482]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Soluble fiber (g/d)

2.7 [1.9–3.375]

2.45 [1.8–3.7]

1.8 [1.1–2.7]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Insoluble fiber (g/d)

9.3 [6.325–10.7]

7.1 [5.375–10.85]

5.7 [3–8.1]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Total fiber (g/d)

12.75 [9.35–15.4]

9.9 [7.825–15.55]

7.5 [4.3–11.5]

n.s.

< 0.05

n.s.

NaCl (g/d)

9.1 [6.75–11.025]

6.95 [6.25–9.125]

6.3 [4.9–7.9]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Ethanol (g/d)

3.07 [0.23–11.93]

2.39 [0.11–4.01]

3.07 [0.46–7.39]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

Total Fat (g/d)

54.62 [40.3825–67.275]

58.88 [45.795–62.215]

48.1 [32–68.51]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n-3 fatty acids (g/d)

1.74 [1.4025–2.4925]

1.725 [1.26–2.1125]

1.22 [0.87–2.04]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

n-6 fatty acids (g/d)

10.8 [8.55–12.175]

10.5 [7.425–12.9]

8.7 [5.4–12.4]

n.s.

n.s.

n.s.

  1. Three male participants missed the FFQg. Data are shown as median [lower and upper interquartile range]. P values with the Kruskal Wallis test are shown