International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance

Table 7 Investigations examining the effects of caffeinated bars and gels on exercise performance

Author	Participants	Protocol	Results
Hogervorst et al. 2008 [82]	Well-trained male cyclists (n = 24)	• Bar with 100 mg caffeine and 45.0 g CHO • Bar with only 45.0 g CHO • 300 mL non-caloric beverage	*↑Stroop and Rapid Visual Information Processing tests after 140 min and time to exhaustion exercise trial at 75% VO2_max
Cooper et al. 2014 [83]	Recreationally trained males (n = 12)	• Gel with 100 mg caffeine and 25.0 g CHO • Gel with 25 g CHO • Gel placebo	*↓ fatigue and RPE during 3rd sprint set NS: sprint performance
Scott et al. 2015 [84]	Male college athletes (n = 13)	• Gel with 21.6 g CHO and 100 mg caffeine • Gel with 21.6 g CHO	*↑ performance in 2000 m rowing task
Venier et al. 2019 [67, 68]	Resistance-trained men (n = 17)	• Gel with 88 g CHO and 300 mg caffeine • Gel with 88 g CHO	↑ jumping height ↑ isokinetic strength and power *↑ movement velocity in the bench press NS: whole-body power output

Bold text associated with reported trial outcomes; mg = milligrams, g = grams, CHO = carbohydrate, * = significant, NS = non-significant difference, VST = visual sensitivity test, ↑ = improved performance, ↓ = decreased, m = meters, RPE = rating of perceived exertion, mL = milliliters

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