Fig. 4

Changes in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max.) in absolute (a) and relative terms (b), maximal heart rate (c), and total test duration (d), after the intervention study between the five groups. Significant differences between groups applying an analysis of covariance adjusting for baseline values with post hoc Bonferroni-corrected t-test are indicated as: * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Data are shown as means ± standard error of the mean. Abbreviations: ɳ2, partial eta squared; T-Beer, the group that performed HIIT and consumed alcohol beer; T-0.0Beer, the group that performed HIIT and consumed non-alcoholic beer; T-Water, the group that performed HIIT and consumed sparkling water; T-Ethanol, the group that performed HIIT and consumed sparkling water with alcohol added