Fig. 2

Changes in maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂max.) in absolute (a) and relative terms (b), maximal heart rate (c), and total test duration (d) before and after the intervention study. P-value [time, group, and interaction (time x group)] of repeated measure analysis of variance. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 for total sample, ö p < 0.05, öö p < 0.01, ööö, p < 0.001 for women, å p < 0.05, åå p < 0.01, ååå p < 0.001 for men, obtained by Student’s paired t-test. Data are shown as means. Abbreviations: T-Beer, group that performed HIIT and consumed alcohol beer; T-0.0Beer, the group that performed HIIT and consumed non-alcoholic beer; T-Water, the group that performed HIIT and consumed sparkling water; T-Ethanol, the group that performed HIIT and consumed sparkling water with added alcohol