Effects of supplementing with an 18% carbohydrate-hydrogel drink versus a placebo during whole-body exercise in −5 °C with elite cross-country ski athletes: a crossover study

Table 3 Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and perceptions of gastrointestinal symptoms during the 120-min submaximal exercise (n = 12)

	PLA		CHO-HG		Two-way ANOVA P value (_pη²)
	Mean ± SD	Range (min–max)	Mean ± SD	Range (min–max)	Time	Trial	Interaction
RPE	13.2 ± 0.9	11–16	13.3 ± 0.8	10–15	< 0.0001 (0.435)	0.777 (0.008)	0.205 (0.120)
Gas^a	2.5 ± 2.7	0–11	3.4 ± 3.0	0–12	0.014 (0.307)	0.110 (0.215)	0.235 (0.124)
Nausea^a	1.6 ± 2.2	0–10	2.2 ± 3.2	0–14	0.135 (0.171)	0.511 (0.040)	0.681 (0.028)
Stomach rumbling^a	2.7 ± 1.9	0–8	2.2 ± 2.0	0–7	0.069 (0.205)	0.182 (0.156)	0.042 (0.185)
Abdominal pain^a	2.5 ± 2.7	0–11	3.5 ± 3.3	0–14	0.009 (0.376)	0.282 (0.104)	0.258 (0.116)
Urgency to have a bowel movement^a	2.7 ± 3.0	0–12	2.4 ± 2.7	0–10	0.017 (0.336)	0.394 (0.067)	0.886 (0.016)
Level of digestive comfort^b	14.6 ± 3.0	8–19	14.9 ± 2.7	9–20	0.011 (0.360)	0.656 (0.019)	0.482 (0.061)

^a0 = no symptoms, 20 = worst conceivable symptoms; ^b0 = extremely uncomfortable, 20 = extremely comfortable (10 = neutral); _pη² partial Eta-square. Significant P-value (< 0.05) is displayed in bold

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