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Table 4 Dietary restrictions while racing reasons for avoiding foods and gastrointestinal symptoms while training

From: Development of a questionnaire to assess dietary restrictions runners use to mitigate gastrointestinal symptoms

Variable

% Observed Agreement

Kappa

95% CI

PABAK

PI

BI

Foods Avoided

 Gluten free grain/cereal

94.74

.64

.17–1.00

.89

.84

.00

 Water

97.37

.66

.03–1.00

.95

.92

.03

 Grains

89.47

.65

.34–.96

.79

.63

.05

 Meat

86.84

.69

0.44–.94

.74

.39

.03

 Sports bar/gel

92.11

.63

.25–1.00

.84

.76

.08

 Starchy vegetable

89.47

.54

.15–.93

.79

.74

.05

 Poultry

94.74

.84

.63–1.00

.89

.58

.00

 Sports drink

94.74

.80

.54–1.00

.89

.68

.05

 Cold breakfast cereal

92.11

.62

.23–1.00

.84

.76

.03

 Fish/seafood

89.47

.73

.48–.98

.79

.47

.00

 Juice

92.11

.75

.49–1.00

.84

.61

.03

 Hot cereal

97.37

.79

.38–1.00

.95

.87

.03

 Nuts

94.74

.64

.19–1.00

.89

.84

.05

 Fruit/vegetable smoothie

94.74

.77

.46–1.00

.89

.74

.00

 Milk products

89.47

.78

.58–.98

.79

.26

.11

 Eggs

94.74

.80

.54–1.00

.89

.68

.05

 Coffee or tea

89.47

.77

.55–.98

.79

.32

.00

 Fruit

97.37

.79

.38–1.00

.95

.87

.03

 Energy drinks

89.47

.73

.48–.98

.79

.47

.00

 Almond milk

94.74

.64

.17–1.00

.89

.84

.00

 Vegetables

94.74

.77

.47–1.00

.89

.74

.05

 Chocolate

84.21

.53

.19–.86

.68

.58

.00

 Coconut milk

97.37

.84

.54–1.00

.95

.82

.03

 High fiber foods

92.11

.72

.43–1.00

.84

.66

.03

 Soy milk

97.37

.89

.69–1.00

.95

.71

.03

 Don’t avoid foods

86.84

.65

.37–.93

.74

.50

.03

Reasons for Avoiding Foods

 Routine

94.59

.72

.36–1.00

.89

.78

.05

 Experience

83.78

.67

.44–.91

.68

.08

.00

 Personal preference

94.59

.87

.70–1.00

.89

.41

.05

 Advice

97.30

.84

.54–1.00

.95

.81

.03

 Superstition

94.59

.00

.00–1.00

.89

.95

.05

Symptoms Experienced

 Stomach pain/cramps

86.84

.74

.54–.95

.74

.03

.13

 Diarrhea

92.11

.80

.59–1.00

.84

.45

.03

 Burping/belching

94.74

.47

−.15–1.00

.89

.89

.00

 Nausea/vomiting

89.47

.54

.14–.94

.79

.74

.00

 Side ache/stitch

89.47

.75

.51–.98

.79

.42

.05

 Intestinal issues

81.58

.51

.19–.83

.63

.50

.03

 Urge to defecate

78.95

.47

.18–.77

.58

.47

.16

 Gas

81.58

.37

.02–.72

.63

.66

.13

 Reflux/heart burn

89.47

.71

.45–.97

.79

.53

.05

 Bloating

81.58

.59

.32–.86

.63

.34

.08

 Fullness/heaviness

92.11

.68

.35–1.00

.84

.71

.03

 No symptoms

97.37

.84

.54–1.00

.95

.82

.03

  1. Kappa unadjusted kappa, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, PABAK prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa, PI prevalence index, BI bias index. Reliability for questions regarding pre-training was determined using a kappa statistic or PABAK. Avoid legumes, avoid lactose-free milk and symptoms bleeding had 100% agreement. Responses that did not meet the reliability criteria are bolded
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Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

ISSN: 1550-2783

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