Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine supplementation on muscle carnosine, body composition and exercise performance in recreationally active females

Table 1 Muscle carnosine, creatine, phosphocreatine, and total creatine over 4 weeks

	BA	BAC	CRE	PLA	Time	P value
Carnosine (μmol/g)
Baseline	19.74 ± 8.69	20.81 ± 7.66	20.80 ± 2.81	15.70 ± 4.70	19.27 ± 6.50	T = 0.22
4 Weeks	23.68 ± 1.56	24.23 ± 4.09	21.04 ± 7.00	16.53 ± 4.80	21.37 ± 5.31	G = 0.04
Group	21.71 ± 1.44^d	22.52 ± 1.34^d	20.92 ± 1.44^d	16.12 ± 1.70^abc		T × G = 0.82
Creatine (mmol/kg DW)
Baseline	47.13 ± 19.88	59.82 ± 37.7	72.96 ± 29.59	59.85 ± 7.79	59.92 ± 27.6	T_q = 0.07
1 Week	50.73 ± 26.83	65.49 ± 15.25	88.55 ± 38.72	68.17 ± 7.74	67.80 ± 24.9	G = 0.14
4 Weeks	42.33 ± 16.24	59.90 ± 9.77	67.72 ± 15.94	57.19 ± 8.07	57.28 ± 14.3	T × G = 0.99
Group	46.73 ± 8.26	61.74 ± 6.24	76.4 ± 8.26	61.74 ± 8.26
Phosphocreatine (mmol/kg DW)
Baseline	22.18 ± 4.28	22.94 ± 18.02	31.69 ± 16.54	21.35 ± 4.44	24.29 ± 13.3	T = 0.10
1 Week	25.91 ± 9.88	32.61 ± 19.62	23.43 ± 4.40	24.08 ± 4.23	27.47 ± 13.0	G = 0.98
4 Weeks	34.75 ± 7.38†^b	26.87 ± 7.04^a	30.51 ± 6.26	31.43 ± 9.39	30.25 ± 7.49	T × G_q = 0.05
Group	27.61 ± 4.69	27.47 ± 3.54	28.55 ± 4.69	25.62 ± 4.69
Total creatine (mmol/kg DW)
Baseline	63.04 ± 23.30	82.75 ± 37.19	105.11 ± 26.57	80.76 ± 11.18	82.89 ± 29.8	T = 0.76
1 Week	59.47 ± 27.07	94.79 ± 8.30	111.98 ± 37.99	85.53 ± 4.39	89.02 ± 26.8	G = 0.02
4 Weeks	74.28 ± 11.40	82.89 ± 5.32	96.89 ± 14.61	85.91 ± 18.07	84.66 ± 13.4	T × G = 0.79
Group	65.60 ± 7.65^bc	86.81 ± 5.78^a	104.66 ± 7.65^a	84.07 ± 7.65

Repeated measures ANOVA was performed on n = 27 (muscle carnosine) and a repeated measures MANOVA was performed on n = 19 (muscle phosphagen) samples. Individual group and time data are presented as means ± SD while time and group effects are presented as means ± SEM. MANOVA analysis on muscle creatine and phosphocreatine levels revealed an overall Wilks’ Lambda time (p = 0.22) and group × time (p = 0.80) effects. Univariate ANOVA p-levels from MANOVA analysis are presented for each variable. BA signifies beta-alanine only group; BAC represents beta-alanine and creatine combined group; CRE represents the creatine only group; PLA represents the placebo group; T represents time p-level; G represents group p-level, and T × G represents interaction. _qrepresents quadratic p-level. † represents p < 0.05 difference from baseline. ^arepresents p < 0.05 difference from BA group. ^brepresents p < 0.05 difference from BAC group. ^crepresents p < 0.05 difference from CRE group. ^drepresents p < 0.05 difference from PLA group.

ISSN: 1550-2783