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Table 1 Summary of 17 studies reviewed on protein and resistance training

From: Dietary protein to maximize resistance training: a review and examination of protein spread and change theories

 

Baseline

  

During study

Change

Reference

BW

% BF

Protein

E

Sex

Wk

Protein

Protein

E

TrS

FFM

LM

% BF

Fat mass

BW

 

kg

%

g/kg

kcal

  

g/kg

type

kcal

 

kg

kg or %

%

kg

kg

Burke, 2001 [1]

NR

NR

NR

NR

M

6

1.2

Mix

3240

Tr

NR

0.9

NR

−0.2

1

 

NR

NR

NR

NR

M

6

3.3

↑W

3669

Tr

NR

2.3

NR

−0.6

1.5

 

NR

NR

NR

NR

M

6

2.2

↑W,Cr

3269

Tr

NR

4

NR

−0.4

3.7

Candow, 2006 [2]3

69.3 ± 12

NR

NR

NR

M,F

6

1.7

Mix

3403

UT

NR

0.3

NR

NR

NR

 

71.8 ± 15

NR

NR

NR

M,F

6

3

↑S

3415

UT

NR

1.7

NR

NR

NR

 

69.3 ± 12

NR

NR

NR

M,F

6

2.95

↑W

3403

UT

NR

2.5

NR

NR

NR

Candow, 2006 [23]1-3

87.2 ± 5.8

NR

NR

NR

M

12

1.38

Mix

2878

UT

NR

1 ± 1.3

NR

NR

NR

 

87.5 ± 6.4

NR

NR

NR

M

12

1.52

↑LactOv

2630

UT

NR

1.7 ± 1

NR

NR

NR

 

85.3 ± 3.6

NR

NR

NR

M

12

1.39

↑LactOv

2753

UT

NR

1.2 ± 0.7

NR

NR

NR

Consolazio, 1975 [3]

NR

NR

1.44

3084

M

6

1.39

C

3452

NR

NR

1.21

NR

−1.09

NR

 

NR

NR

1.44

3084

M

6

2.76

C

3532

NR

NR

3.28

NR

−2.21

NR

Cribb, 2007 [4]1,3

76 ± 12

16.9 ± 2.4

1.6

2782

M

12

1.65

Mix

2869

Tr

NR

0.7

0.7

0.8

1.4

 

70 ± 11

14.9 ± 1.7

1.6

2900

M

12

3.15

↑W

2879

Tr

NR

2.3

0.1

0.4

2.6

 

84 ± 14

19.1 ± 1.9

1.5

3536

M

12

3

↑Cr

3313

Tr

NR

4.3

−0.3

0.4

4

 

84 ± 12

18.5 ± 1.9

2.1

3423

M

12

3.3

↑W,Cr

3473

Tr

NR

3.4

0

0.7

4

Demling, 2000 [5]1,3

NR

27 ± 1.8

0.76

2350

M

12

0.83

Mix

2167

Tr

NR

−0.4 ± 0.4

−2

−2.5 ± 0.5

−2.5 ± 0.6

 

NR

26 ± 1.7

0.71

2300

M

12

1.41

↑C

2167

Tr

NR

−4.1 ± 1.4

−8

−7 ± 2.1

−2.8 ± 0.6

 

NR

27 ± 1.6

0.73

2350

M

12

1.44

↑W

2183

Tr

NR

−2 ± 0.7

−4

−4.2 ± 9

−2.3 ± 0.5

Eliot, 2008 [22]2,4

98 ± 7.6

27.9 ± 1.7

0.94

2175

M

14

0.96

Mix

2188

NR

−0.4

NR

−0.3

−0.6

0.3

 

91.1 ± 5.2

28.7 ± 1.4

0.92

1950

M

14

0.84

↑Cr

2012

NR

2.5

NR

−1.2

−0.3

1.3

 

88.3 ± 4.4

24.5 ± 1.8

0.95

2010

M

14

0.97

↑W

1938

NR

0.7

NR

−0.3

0

0.4

 

92.6 ± 5.1

25.1 ± 1.5

1.03

2007

M

14

1.18

↑W,Cr

2130

NR

1.6

NR

−0.3

0

−0.1

Hartman, 2007 [6]1,2

80.5 ± 3.8

NR

1.4

3033

M

12

1.65

Mix

3273

UT

2.4

NR

NR

−0.5

1.9

 

83.3 ± 4.1

NR

1.2

3105

M

12

1.65

↑S

2974

UT

2.8

NR

NR

−0.2

2.6

 

78.8 ± 2.5

NR

1.4

3009

M

12

1.8

↑Milk

3189

UT

3.9

NR

NR

−0.8

3.1

Hoffman, 2007 [7]2,3

99 ± 10.2

21.8 ± 7.3

NR

NR

M

12

1.24

Mix

3139

Tr

NR

0.1 ± 1.4

0.2 ± 1.5

NR

0.4 ± 2

 

94.7 ± 7.9

21.7 ± 5.5

NR

NR

M

12

2

↑LactOv

3072

Tr

NR

1.4 ± 1.9

−0.8 ± 2

NR

0.9 ± 1.8

Hulmi, 2009 [8]1-3

74.8 ± 8.4

16.6 ± 4.4

1.3

2293

M

21

1.5

Mix

2544

UT

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

 

76.5 ± 7.3

17.1 ± 3.8

1.4

2484

M

21

1.71

↑W

2472

UT

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Kerksick, 2006 [9]1

85.1 ± 11

17.5 ± 6.1

1.6

3387

M

10

1.56

Mix

2883

Tr

0

0

0

0.2

0.2

 

85.3 ± 14.8

18.8 ± 7.3

2.3

3310

M

10

2.12

↑W,AA

2970

Tr

−0.1

−0.1

0.2

0.2

0

 

81.2 ± 12.7

17.3 ± 6.4

2.1

2501

M

10

2.32

↑W,C

2736

Tr

1.8

1.9

−0.2

0.1

3

Kukuljan, 2009 [20]1

85.2 ± 10.9

28.3 ± 5.5

1.32

2361

M

78

1.31

Mix

2468

UT

NR

0.3

NR

−0.5

0

 

83.2 ± 11.9

28 ± 7.8

1.26

2315

M

78

1.4

↑Milk

2400

UT

NR

1.2

NR

−0.6

0.6

Mielke, 2009 [25]

72.4 ± 11.5

19.2 ± 8.5

1.29

2495

M

8

1.15

Mix

2156

UT

−0.3

NR

0.7

0.5

0.1

 

79.6 ± 18.1

20.6 ± 7.3

1.36

2632

M

8

1.31

↑W,AA

1988

UT

0.3

NR

0.8

0.4

0.6

Rankin, 2004 [19]

79.8 ± 4.9

20.3 ± 1.5

1.3

2909

M

10

1.2

Mix

2575

UT

0.8

NR

−1.4

−1.3

−0.9

 

78 ± 5.2

17.9 ± 2.1

1.2

2488

M

10

1.3

↑Milk

2683

UT

1.6

NR

−0.9

−0.6

0.9

Verdijk, 2009 [18]

80.2 ± 3.4

23.6 ± 2.2

1.1

2197

M

12

1.1

Mix

2173

UT

NR

0.6

−0.7

NR

−0.1

 

79.2 ± 2.8

24.9 ± 1.4

1.1

2221

M

12

1.1

↑C

2245

UT

NR

0.7

−1.2

NR

−0.3

White, 2009 [24]4

63.6 ± 6.3

31 ± 6

0.88

1603

F

8

0.87

Mix

1466

UT

1.9

NR

−1.4

−0.9

0

 

61.7 ± 7.3

29.6 ± 6.2

0.89

1612

F

8

0.96

Mix

1494

UT

1.5

NR

−0.9

−0.2

1.1

 

70.8 ± 11

32.8 ± 7.2

0.89

1546

F

8

1.09

↑Milk

1813

UT

2

NR

−1.8

−0.9

1.1

Willoughby, 2007 [10]1,3

78.63 ±  13.64

19.95 ±  6.94

2.06

2897

M

10

2.21

Mix

3203

UT

2.7 ± 1.31

NR

−1.07 ±  1.16

−0.22 ±  0.24

4.35 ± 2.88

 

81.46 ±  15.78

21.52 ±  7.14

2.21

3569

M

10

2.57

↑W,C

3658

UT

5.62 ± 0.98

NR

−2.06 ±  0.39

−1.13 ±  0.82

7 ± 2.32

  1. 1 Intake data reported for multiple time points were averaged.
  2. 2 Denotes study providing additional protein/energy on only resistance training days – additional protein/energy dose divided over 7 days and this was added to the daily average.
  3. 3 Significant benefit of additional protein to strength and/or muscle CSA/myofibrilar protein.
  4. 4 Multiple LP and HP groups; data for each protein level were averaged since significant differences were observed or not observed between all LP and HP levels
  5. AA, amino acids; C, casein; Cr, creatine; E, energy; HP, higher protein group; LactOv, milk and egg protein supplement; LP, lower protein or control group; Milk, increased milk consumption; Mix, mixed diet with varied protein sources; NR, not reported; S, soy; Tr, resistance trained participants; TrS, training status; UT, untrained participants; W, whey; Wk, weeks.
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Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

ISSN: 1550-2783

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