Table 2 Dose-dependent effects of WPH feeding for 30 days on blood and other health markers
Variable | p-value between conditions | water (n = 5) | low (n = 5) | medium (n = 5) | high (n = 5) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum markers | |||||
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | p = 0.60 | 184 ± 28 | 169 ± 18 | 187 ± 13 | 153 ± 14 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | p = 0.32 | 183 ± 12 | 154 ± 11 | 187 ± 17 | 167 ± 14 |
Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL) | p = 0.45 | 25 ± 1 | 24 ± 1 | 26 ± 1 | 24 ± 2 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | p = 0.25 | 0.41 ± 0.01 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 0.44 ± 0.03 | 0.38 ± 0.02 |
Sodium (mmol/L) | p = 0.33 | 145 ± 1 | 147 ± 1 | 144 ± 1 | 146 ± 1 |
Potassium (mmol/L) | p = 0.20 | 6.4 ± 1 | 5.8 ± 0 | 6.9 ± 1 | 5.1 ± 0 |
Chloride (mmol/L) | p = 0.59 | 99 ± 0 | 98 ± 1 | 98 ± 0 | 99 ± 0 |
Total Protein (g/dL) | p = 0.17 | 6.9 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 6.5 ± 0.0 |
Albumin (g/dL) | p = 0.26 | 3.5 ± 0.0 | 3.4 ± 0.0 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | p = 0.06 | 12.8 ± 0.1 | 12.5 ± 0.2 | 12.4 ± 0.3 | 12.0 ± 0.1 |
Phosphorus (mg/dL) | p = 0.40 | 10.8 ± 0.5 | 10.6 ± 0.6 | 11.7 ± 0.5 | 10.5 ± 0.4 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | p = 0.34 | 82 ± 10 | 64 ± 3 | 68 ± 7 | 74 ± 7 |
Total Bilirubin (mg/dL) | p = 0.08 | 0.10 ± 0.0 | 0.10 ± 0.0 | 0.14 ± 0.0 | 0.10 ± 0.0 |
ALT (U/L) | p = 0.68 | 239 ± 43 | 254 ± 54 | 298 ± 34 | 234 ± 27 |
ALP (U/L) | p = 0.52 | 186 ± 16 | 179 ± 11 | 161 ± 4 | 165 ± 18 |
GGT (U/L) | p = N/A | <3 | <3 | <3 | <3 |
Total CO2 (mmol/L) | p = 0.14 | 33 ± 1 | 37 ± 2 | 32 ± 2 | 33 ± 1 |
Whole blood markers | |||||
WBC (x10³/μL) | p = 0.88 | 12.5 ± 0.9 | 11.3 ± 1.2 | 12.0 ± 1.2 | 11.8 ± 0.5 |
Seg. Neutro (x10³/μL) | p = 0.85 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.3 |
Band Neutro (x10³/μL) | p = 0.99 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
Lymphocytes (x10³/μL) | p = 0.74 | 10.7 ± 0.9 | 9.6 ± 0.7 | 10.5 ± 1.0 | 9.8 ± 0.5 |
Monocytes (x10³/μL) | p = 0.32 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.03 |
Eosinophils (x10³/μL) | p = 0.92 | 0.12 ± 0.09 | 0.09 ± 0.07 | 0.09 ± 0.05 | 0.16 ± 0.10 |
Basophils (x10³/μL) | p = 0.99 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
RBC (M/μL) | p = 0.47 | 8.5 ± 0.1 | 8.4 ± 0.1 | 8.6 ± 0.2 | 8.7 ± 0.1 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | p = 0.08 | 16.1 ± 0.3 | 16.9 ± 0.3 | 16.3 ± 0.2 | 16.8 ± 0.2 |
Hematocrit (%) | p = 0.75 | 52.7 ± 1.1 | 53.4 ± 0.9 | 52.7 ± 1.1 | 53.8 ± 0.5 |
MCV (fL) | p = 0.29 | 61.7 ± 0.8 | 63.5 ± 0.7 | 61.5 ± 0.9 | 61.8 ± 0.7 |
MCH (pg) | p = 0.01 | 18.8 ± 0.3a | 20.1 ± 0.2b | 19.1 ± 0.3a | 19.3 ± 0.2c |
MCHC (g/dL) | p = 0.08 | 30.5 ± 0.3 | 31.7 ± 0.2 | 31.1 ± 0.5 | 31.2 ± 0.1 |
Cell Volume (%) | p = 0.19 | 49.8 ± 0.9 | 51.4 ± 0.4 | 49.8 ± 0.6 | 50.6 ± 0.2 |
Platelets (x10³/μL) | p = N/A | Clumps | Clumps | Clumps | Clumps |
Hemolysis | p = N/A | Clear | Clear | Clear | Clear |
MPV (fL) | p = 0.38 | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 6.3 ± 0.2 | 6.7 ± 0.3 | 6.5 ± 0.2 |
Post necropsy organ and body weights | |||||
Brain (g) | p = 0.57 | 2.03 ± 0.03 | 2.08 ± 0.04 | 2.08 ± 0.02 | 2.04 ± 0.06 |
Heart (g) | p = 0.88 | 1.40 ± 0.07 | 1.37 ± 0.04 | 1.35 ± 0.04 | 1.40 ± 0.05 |
Whole Body (g) | p = 0.69 | 439 ± 14 | 422 ± 9 | 419 ± 2 | 422 ± 20 |