Menstrual cycle phase and carbohydrate ingestion alter immune response following endurance exercise and high intensity time trial performance test under hot conditions

Hashimoto, Hideki; Ishijima, Toshimichi; Hayashida, Harumi; Suzuki, Katsuhiko; Higuchi, Mitsuru

doi:10.1186/1550-2783-11-39

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

Table 3 Serum cytokine concentrations

From: Menstrual cycle phase and carbohydrate ingestion alter immune response following endurance exercise and high intensity time trial performance test under hot conditions

	PRE	30 min	60 min	90 min	POST
IL-1β (pg/mL)
FA	0.9 ± 3.0	0.9 ± 2.5	1.0 ± 3.2	0.9 ± 2.8	0.7 ± 2.9
FC	0.9 ± 3.9	1.0 ± 4.9	1.0 ± 3.3	1.2 ± 3.7	1.4 ± 3.3
LA	0.9 ± 3.1	1.0 ± 2.8	0.8 ± 2.8	1.1 ± 3.0	1.1 ± 2.8
LC	1.2 ± 2.5	1.1 ± 2.7	0.9 ± 2.4	1.1 ± 2.7	1.3 ± 2.2
IL-1ra (pg/mL)
FA	186 ± 109	196 ± 131	203 ± 154	256 ± 77	267 ± 130
FC	159 ± 59	173 ± 51	234 ± 95	214 ± 121	212 ± 89
LA	203 ± 103	200 ± 100	202 ± 83	196 ± 61	269 ± 152
LC	234 ± 117	219 ± 138	209 ± 81	224 ± 125	177 ± 115
IL-6 (pg/mL)
FA	0.2 ± 1.5	0.1 ± 1.3	0.6 ± 2.3	2.6 ± 3.9^a	6.3 ± 12.9^b,d
FC	0.1 ± 0.5	0.2 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 1.5	1.9 ± 3.6	2.9 ± 8.8^a,c
LA	0.2 ± 0.2	0.2 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.8	1.5 ± 4.0^a	2.2 ± 9.2^b,d
LC	0.2 ± 0.4	0.2 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 1.2	2.3 ± 2.0^a,c	4.0 ± 6.6^b,d
IL-8 (pg/mL)
FA	1.2 ± 0.5	1.5 ± 0.5	1.3 ± 0.7	1.7 ± 0.7	2.0 ± 0.9
FC	1.5 ± 0.5	1.3 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.5	1.4 ± 0.6
LA	0.8 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.7	1.2 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.5
LC	1.1 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.6	1.1 ± 0.5	1.6 ± 0.9	1.8 ± 0.7
IL-10 (pg/mL)
FA	5.3 ± 4.1	3.8 ± 3.8	5.1 ± 3.8	4.2 ± 1.6	2.8 ± 2.0
FC	2.6 ± 2.3	3.0 ± 5.0	3.2 ± 1.3	2.5 ± 2.7	2.9 ± 3.2
LA	4.5 ± 8.5	3.3 ± 2.4	3.5 ± 3.2	3.5 ± 3.0	4.9 ± 3.4
LC	3.4 ± 3.5	3.7 ± 3.5	3.9 ± 5.6	3.7 ± 2.4	3.4 ± 2.5
IL-12p40 (pg/mL)
FA	37 ± 8	44 ± 11	36 ± 6	38 ± 9	43 ± 5
FC	29 ± 5	36 ± 4	43 ± 8	27 ± 6	36 ± 6
LA	43 ± 7	37 ± 6	32 ± 4	30 ± 10	35 ± 5
LC	32 ± 8	32 ± 3	33 ± 3	30 ± 3	34 ± 4
Calprotectin (ng/mL)
FA	21 ± 14	26 ± 19	27 ± 24	47 ± 28	95 ± 147^b
FC	18 ± 46	21 ± 121	25 ± 137	39 ± 196^b	43 ± 267^b,c
LA	23 ± 32	42 ± 29	62 ± 67	170 ± 181^b	240 ± 117^b,d
LC	26 ± 17	40 ± 45	60 ± 53	64 ± 42^a	103 ± 276^b,c
MPO (ng/mL)
FA	17 ± 2	20 ± 3	20 ± 1	27 ± 4	46 ± 11^#
FC	20 ± 5	26 ± 8	25 ± 5	38 ± 13	39 ± 9^#
LA	10 ± 2	26 ± 4	24 ± 2	34 ± 3	46 ± 5^#
LC	17 ± 2	21 ± 3	19 ± 3	30 ± 7	34 ± 8^#
TNF-α (pg/mL)
FA	0.3 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.4 ± 0.2
FC	0.3 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1
LA	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1
LC	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.2 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1

Data for IL-8, IL-12p40 and MPO are shown as mean ± SEM; data for IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-10, Calprotectin and TNF-α are shown as median ± quartile deviation ^aSignificantly different from PRE (P < 0.05). ^bSignificantly different from PRE (P < 0.01). ^cSignificantly different from 30 min (P < 0.05). ^dSignificantly different from 30 min (P < 0.01). ^#Main effect in time (P < 0.01).
Abbreviations: FA follicular phase placebo trial, FC follicular phase carbohydrate trial, IL interleukin, LA luteal phase placebo trial, LC luteal phase carbohydrate trial, MPO myeloperoxidase, POST high intensity time trial performance test, PRE before exercise, TNF tumor necrosis factor.

Back to article page

ISSN: 1550-2783

Contact us

Submission enquiries: Access here and click Contact Us
General enquiries: info@biomedcentral.com