Table 2 HMB effects on body composition and performance *
From: International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)
Experiment | Subjects | Protocol | Periodized | Diet control | Duration/dose | Additional supplements | Body composition measures | Performance measures | Outcomes of HMB-Ca supplementation relative to placebo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nissen 1996 [7] | Trained, NCAA football players | Monitored progressive resistance training | No | No | 7 weeks, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca | No | TOBEC for total FFM and FM | Bench Press and Squat | FFM: + 1.9 % FM: - 0.5 % Strength: + 2.3 % average |
Nissen 1996 [7] | Untrained college-aged males | Monitored progressive resistance training | No | Yes | 3 weeks, 1.5 or 3 grams per day HMB-Ca | No | TOBEC for total FFM and FM | Strength: Average weight lifted during last 3 working sets of upper and lower body exercises | FFM: + 0.6 % FM: No Effect Strength: +2.6 to 17.4 % depending on lift |
Jowko 2001 [10] | Active, college-aged males | Monitored progressive resistance training | No | No | 3 weeks, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca | 20 grams creatine per day for 7 days followed by 10 grams per day for 14 days | BIA | Strength: Cumulative 1-RM of major lifts (Squat, Bench Press, Clean) | FFM: + 0.6 % FM: - 0.7 % Strength: + 9 % |
Kreider 1999[15] | Resistance trained, college-aged males males with > 1 year experience | Not monitored: Instructed not to change current individualized training regimens | No | No | 28 days, 3 or 6 grams per day HMB-Ca | No | DXA for: LBM and FM | Strength: Bench Press and Leg Press | LBM: No Effect FM: No Effect Strength: No Effect |
Gallagher 2000[12] | Untrained college-aged males | Monitored progressive resistance training | No | No | 8 weeks, 3 or 6 grams per day HMB-Ca | No | 7 site Skin Fold | Isometric and Isokinetic testing, Non-specific to training stimulus | FFM: + 3 % FM: - 1.6 % Strength: +2-3.5 % No differences between 3 and 6 g |
Panton 2000[20] | Men and women, divided into untrained and resistance trained (> 6 months), 20–40 yrs of age | Monitored high intensity progressive resistance training | No | No | 4 weeks, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca | No | Underwater Weighing | Bench Press and Leg Press 1-RM | FFM: +.5 kg FM: - .6 % Strength: +3-15 % |
Hoffman 2004[19] | College Football players | Football camp, not controlled by investigators | No | No | 10 days, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca | No | Not Measured | Wingate Power | No Effects |
Kraemer 2009[13] | Recreationally active, college-aged males | periodized resistance training split | Yes | Yes | 12 weeks, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca | 14 grams arginine and 14 grams glutamine per day | DXA for LBM and FM and Limb Circumference | Squat and Bench Press 1RM Vertical Jump | LBM: + 40% FM: -40 % Strength: 50 % Power: +85 % |
Thomson 2009[22] | Trained college-aged males | Non Monitored Assigned progressive resistance training program with 84 % compliance | No | No | 9 weeks, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca | No | BIA | Bench Press, Preacher Curl, and Leg Extension 1-RM | FFM: 0.4 FM: - 3.8 Strength: 1.1-9.0 depending on lift |
Portal 2011[23] | Elite adolescent volleyball players 13.5-18 yrs of age | Combination of progressive, resistance, and endurance exercise | Not reported | No | 7 weeks, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca | No | DXA | Power on Wingate Strength of Bench Press and Leg Press | Fat: PL = +3.5% Vs. HMB= −6.6% FFM: PL= no change Vs. HMB= +3.7% Power: PL = +3% HMB = +13.5% Strength: PL=0-6.7 % vs. HMB +15.7 % - 23.5 % |
Ransone 2003[24] | College football players | Progressive resistance and endurance exercise | No | No | 4 weeks, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca | No | Skin Folds | Bench Press, Power Cleans, Squats 1-RM | FFM: +0.3 FM: - 3.8 Strength: 1.7 % increase |
Kreider 2000 [18] | Trained, college football players | Offseason strength and conditioning program | Yes | No | 4 weeks, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca | No | DXA | Bench Press, Power Cleans, Squats 1-RM, 12x6 second sprint performance | No Effects |
O’Connor 2007[25] | Trained rugby players, 25 yrs of age | Progressive resistance training | No | No | 6 weeks, 3 grams of HMB-Ca or HMB-Ca + Creatine per day | 3 grams creatine per day | Skin Folds | Squat, Bench Press, and Deadlift 1-RM Wingate Power | Neither HMB-Ca nor creatine had an effect |
Slater 2001[26] | College-aged, trained polo players and rowers | Non-controlled workouts assigned by the athletes’ respective coaches | Unknown | No | 6 weeks, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca | No | DA | Bench Press, Hip Sled, Pullups 3-RM | No significant effects |