Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo

Background Vegan diets refrain from the consumption of all animal products. People may choose a vegan diet for health, performance, or ethical concerns. While the adoption and popularity of a vegan diet has increased among the general population and fitness communities, there has been little research documenting its effect on general fitness (max strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance) and body composition. The purpose of this randomized controlled study was to study the effects of adopting a vegan diet on general fitness performance and body composition in an active population. Methods Twelve physically active college students volunteered for this study. The respondents were randomly and equally divided into two groups: an experimental (vegan) and control group. Each participant was instructed to track their diet for three days prior to pre-testing, as well as during the experiment using myfitnesspal software. Both groups underwent a pre fitness and body composition assessment. This assessment included height, weight, blood pressure (BP), body fat percentage, one repetition maximum (1RM) back squat, 1RM bench press, push up test to failure (PUT), and a Vo2 max test (1.5 mile run). The experimental group was then instructed to follow an ad libitum vegan diet for three weeks which eliminated all animal products from their normal diet. The control group maintained their normal diet. Both groups were instructed to continue their normal exercise program (exercising >3x a week). After three weeks, both groups underwent a post-test consisting of the same initial assessments. A paired sample t-test was used to investigate statistically significant differences between the pre and post-tests for the experimental and control group. Results For the experimental group, mean weight decreased significantly by 3.4lbs (P<.05). There was also a significant decrease in mean caloric (422.5), protein (32.8), and fat (32.9) intake (P < .05). No statistically significant differences were seen for the control group mean values. Conclusion Based upon this study, a short term ad libitum vegan diet decreased total body weight with no impact on fitness scores.


Background
Vegan diets refrain from the consumption of all animal products. People may choose a vegan diet for health, performance, or ethical concerns. While the adoption and popularity of a vegan diet has increased among the general population and fitness communities, there has been little research documenting its effect on general fitness (max strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance) and body composition. The purpose of this randomized controlled study was to study the effects of adopting a vegan diet on general fitness performance and body composition in an active population.

Methods
Twelve physically active college students volunteered for this study. The respondents were randomly and equally divided into two groups: an experimental (vegan) and control group. Each participant was instructed to track their diet for three days prior to pre-testing, as well as during the experiment using myfitnesspal software. Both groups underwent a pre fitness and body composition assessment. This assessment included height, weight, blood pressure (BP), body fat percentage, one repetition maximum (1RM) back squat, 1RM bench press, push up test to failure (PUT), and a Vo2 max test (1.5 mile run). The experimental group was then instructed to follow an ad libitum vegan diet for three weeks which eliminated all animal products from their normal diet. The control group maintained their normal diet. Both groups were instructed to continue their normal exercise program (exercising >3x a week). After three weeks, both groups underwent a post-test consisting of the same initial assessments. A paired sample t-test was used to investigate statistically significant differences between the pre and post-tests for the experimental and control group.

Results
For the experimental group, mean weight decreased significantly by 3.4lbs (P<.05). There was also a significant decrease in mean caloric (422.5), protein (32.8), and fat (32.9) intake (P < .05). No statistically significant differences were seen for the control group mean values. Conclusion Based upon this study, a short term ad libitum vegan diet decreased total body weight with no impact on fitness scores.

A2
Pilot clinical trial to evaluate the effect of Fenugreek Saponins on physical fitness Sreejayan Nair 1 , Derek Smith 2 , Scarlet L. Barnes 2 , Boyi Dai 2 , Rama Nair 3 , Debasis Bagchi 4,5 , Anand Swaroop 5 mass index, android fat, gynoid fat or the ratio of android to gynoid fat. However, the mean lean mass was significantly elevated in the group receiving fenugreek saponin compared to the placebo group. Total serum testosterone levels were significantly higher in the subjects receiving fenugreek saponins compared to placebo, whereas no changes were observed in free testosterone levels. Conclusion Short-term intervention with fenugreek saponins increased lean body mass and total testosterone levels. Further long-term studies are warranted to determine if these changes translate to improved physical fitness (i.e., muscle mass, strength, body composition and aerobic capacity).

Background
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the fat mass and obesityassociated (FTO) gene is a strong predictor of obesity in humans. The FTO SNP (rs1421085) results in a T to C nucleotide change with increased risk for obesity in individuals who carry at least one C allele. The highest expression levels of the FTO enzyme are found in arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, which plays a major role in appetite and eating behavior. In agreement, previous work shows that C allele carriers have worse eating behaviors, relative to TT homozygotes. However it is currently unclear if intense aerobic and/or resistance training can reduce the influence of FTO genotype on body composition.

Materials and Methods
We tested 108 well-trained individuals that included professional mixed martial arts fighters, elite distance runners, collegiate swimmers, stand-up paddlers as well as a cohort of recreational bodybuilders. Body composition was assessed via the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Saliva samples were collected in order to genotype participants and quantify cortisol levels.

Results
The physical characteristics of the subjects were as follows (mean ±SD): body weight 74.4±15.6 kg; bone mineral content 2.8±0.7 kg; fat mass 15.7±5.5 kg; lean body mass 55.9±14.4 kg. We found that C allele carriers had significantly higher fat mass t(107)=3.13, p < 0.01 and a significantly higher body fat percentage t(107)=2.68, p < 0.01, relative to the TT group. No other measures of body composition were associated with the FTO genotype (body mineral density, bone mineral content, or lean body mass). Interestingly, resting cortisol levels were significantly higher in the TT group, relative to the C allele carriers t(107)=-2.37, p < 0.05.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that despite regular exercise training, C allele carriers on the FTO gene are still predisposed to a higher percent body fat as well as fat mass. We further show that increased cortisol is not a likely pathway through which exercise increases weight gain in the C allele carriers.

Background
It is known that overfeeding on carbohydrate and fat differ in their effects on body composition in comparison to protein. Data from our lab suggests that it is very difficult to increase fat mass via protein overfeeding (i.e., mainly from protein powder). However, there are no investigations on the effects of overfeeding on a specific food (i.e., peanut butter). Peanut butter is a commonly consumed food among fitness professionals and exercise enthusiasts. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine how overfeeding on peanut butter affected body composition in a cohort of trained subjects.

Materials and Methods
Sixteen healthy exercise-trained men and women participated in this study (mean±SDage: 30.1±7.8, height cm: 170.8±7.9). Subjects initially recorded their food intake via MyFitnessPal for a period of two weeks prior to coming to the laboratory for baseline body composition assessment. Subsequently, they were instructed to consume 5 jars of peanut butter (Smuckers Natural, 16 oz jar) over the 4-week treatment period. The peanut butter was additional calories above their normal baseline intake. Body composition and total body water was assessed with the Bod Pod and Impedimed. Data was analyzed using a t-test. Data is expressed as the mean±SD.

Results
Of the sixteen subjects that completed the study, 12 consumed additional kcals above their normal intake. These 12 subjects consumed 6±5 jars of peanut butter over the 4-week treatment period. Four subjects did not consume additional kcals despite consuming 4±3 jars of peanut butter over the 4-week period. Energy and fat intake increased in the 12 subjects that actually overfed (Kcals/day [p=0.0533]: Pre 2104±705 Post 2611±1342, Fat grams/day [p=0.0567]: Pre 77±33 Post 126±86). There were no significant changes in carbohydrate (grams/day: Pre 181±62 Post 185±64) or protein intake (grams/day: Pre 171±116 Post 189±144). Fat mass significantly increased [p=0.0503] (Pre 12.0±5.4 Post 12.7±4.7 kg). There were no significant pre to post changes in body weight, lean body mass or total body water.

Conclusions
Overfeeding on peanut butter (~500 extra kcals) results in an increase in fat mass. This outcome differs from prior studies in our lab in which subjects have overfed on protein for a much longer period of time. Despite the healthy "halo" that surrounds the consumption of peanut butter, eating too much of it will make you fatter.

Background
The NFL Scouting Combine is a weeklong showcase whereby college football players perform a battery of physical and mental tasks. NFL coaches, general managers and scouts use the Combine as a tool to assess the "performance" of the potential NFL football players. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of a 6week training preparation program on body composition in football players vying for the NFL Combine. Materials and methods Thirty-five collegiate football players (mean±SDage: 22.4±0.9, height cm: 186.4±8.4) participated in a 6-week training preparation program including nutritional, physical, and medical support. Body composition was assessed via the Bod Pod. Total body water was assessed via the Impedimed. Pre vs Post values were analyzed via a paired samples t-test.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that 6 weeks of training and nutritional support in preparation for the NFL Combine can produce significant and beneficial alterations in body composition vis a vis an increase in lean body mass with a concomitant decrease in fat mass and body fat percentage.

Background
There is evidence in rodents as well as obese adults that probiotic supplementation can promote a decrease in fat mass. For instance, Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis 420 (B420) has been shown to decrease abdominal fat mass. Therefore, our laboratory determined the effects of probiotic supplementation on body composition in a group of active men and women in a double-blind, placebo-controlled two-arm investigation.

Materials and methods
Twenty subjects participated in this investigation (6 male, 14 female). All were actively participating in aerobic and/or resistance training for a period of at least one year. Subjects were randomly assigned to a group that received either a placebo (maltodextrin) or an encapsulated probiotic (one capsule) containing 5 billion Bifidobacterium BR03 and 5 billion Streptococcus thermophilus FP4 (Probiotical, Novara, Italy). Subjects consumed one capsule daily during the 6-week treatment period. Furthermore, subjects were instructed to not alter their diet or training regimen during this time. Body composition was assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Hologic Horizon W, Danbury CT USA). Data are presented as the mean±SD. An ANOVA was used to assess differences between groups.

Results
The physical characteristics of the placebo and probiotic groups were as follows: Placebo -Age 25±4 years, Height 168±7 centimeters; Probiotic -Age 30±8 years, Height 166±8 centimeters. Six weeks of probiotic supplementation had no effect on body weight, lean body mass, fat mass, bone mineral content, body fat percentage or trunk fat mass (Table 1). Conclusion Six weeks of daily supplementation with a probiotic that contains 5 billion Bifidobacterium BR03 and 5 billion Streptococcus thermophilus FP4 in active men and women has no effect on body composition.

Background and aim
It is currently unclear if reduction in intra-hepatic fat (IHF) is the main mediator of the cardiometabolic beneficial outcomes of lifestyle interventions, beyond visceral adipose tissue (VAT) loss. In the present study, we explore IHF loss and its benefits across dietary interventions, beyond VAT changes.

Methods
In an 18-month weight-loss trial, 278 participants with abdominal obesity/dyslipidemia were randomized to low-fat (LF) or Mediterranean/low-carbohydrate (MED/LC +28g walnuts/day) diets with/without moderate physical activity. IHF and abdominal fat-depots were measured using magnetic-resonance-imaging at baseline, after 6 (sub-study only, n=158) and 18-months.

Results
Of 278 participants [age=48yr; 88% men; body-mass-index=30.8kg/ m2; mean IHF=10.2%, (range:0.01%-50.4%)], adherence rate was 86.3%. %IHF substantially decreased after 6 [-6.6%absolute-units (-41%relatively)] and 18-months [-4.0% absolute-units (-29% relatively); p<0.001 vs. baseline], along with moderate weight-loss (-3%). Reduction of IHF was directly associated with decreased VAT, deepsubcutaneous-adipose-tissue (deep-SAT) and superficial-SAT (r>0.48, p<0.001 for all). However, when weight-loss was adjusted, IHF loss only associated with decreased VAT (β=0.155; p=0.048). After controlling for VAT loss, decreased %IHF was independently associated with reductions of HbA1c, circulating chemerin levels, serum gammaglutamyl-transferase (GGT) and alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), (p<0.05 for all). MED/LC diet decreased %IHF (p=0.036) and induced greater improvements in cardiometabolic risk parameters (p<0.05) more than LF diet, even after adjustment to VAT changes. In contrast, the differences between diet groups (e.g. waist circumference, triglycerides, TG/HDL ratio and cardiovascular risk score) were markedly attenuated after controlling for IHF changes. Conclusions %IHF is substantially reduced by diet-induced moderate weight loss, more effectively by MED/LC diet, independent of VAT changes. IHF loss is associated with specific improved parameters. Beneficial effects of MED/ LC diet are largely mediated by decreased %IHF rather than VAT loss. Clinical trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01530724 The human gut contains a diverse collection of microorganisms which affect host immune, hormonal, nutritional, and metabolic status. As such, probiotic supplementation is increasing in popularity among athletes to aid overall health and possibly to support adaptations to training. However, little is known as to the effects of probiotic supplementation on potential markers of overtraining and overreaching in the team sport athlete. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of probiotic supplementation on markers of immune and hormonal status in collegiate male athletes following 12-weeks of offseason training. Methods Twenty-five Division I male baseball athletes (20.1±1.5y, 85.5±10.5kg, 184.7±6.3cm) participated in this double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Participants were randomly assigned to a probiotic (PRO; n=13) or placebo (PL; n=12) group. Throughout their 12week offseason training program, athletes consumed PRO (DE111®; 1 billion CFU/day) or PL supplement in conjunction with their postworkout nutrition (36g CHO, 27g PRO, 2g FAT) immediately following resistance and/or sport-specific training. On weekend or non-training days, athletes consumed their respective supplement with a normal meal. Pre-and post-training, all athletes provided resting blood and saliva samples. Circulating concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, TNF-α, IL-10, and zonulin were examined in the blood, while salivary IgA and IgM were assayed as indicators of mucosal immunity. Separate analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were performed on all measures collected at POST. Associated values collected at PRE were used as the covariate to eliminate the possible influence of initial score variances on the outcomes. Results TNF-α concentrations were significantly (p = 0.024) lower in PRO (Δ: -0.25 ± 1.10pg/mL) compared to PL (Δ:+0.36pg/mL). There were no significant group differences in any other biochemical markers examined. However, a trend (p = 0.078) for lower cortisol concentrations in PRO (Δ:-2.79 ± 8.10ng/mL) compared to PL (Δ:+1.44 ± 4.57ng/mL) was observed. Collectively, significant increases were observed for testosterone (p = 0.045), IL-10 (p = 0.048), SIgA rate (p = 0.031), and SIgM rate (p = 0.002) following 12-weeks of offseason training across groups.

Conclusions
These data suggest daily probiotic supplementation may attenuate circulating markers of inflammation and catabolism following 12weeks of offseason training in collegiate baseball players. However, additional research is needed to provide further practical insight to these findings.

Background
Numerous clinical trials have shown beneficial cardiovascular effects and improvement of performance of inorganic nitrate supplementation (NO3 − ), especially in form of beetroot juice. Despite these reports, no study to date has evaluated whether dietary nitrate in the form of beetroot juice can enhance the reduction of blood pressure (BP) following a single session of exercise in individuals who have an increased cardiovascular risk profile, but have not yet developed hypertension, such as obese individuals. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of a dietary nitrate supplementation (beetroot juice) on the post-exercise laboratory BP in obese males.

Material and methods
In a randomized, controlled and cross-over trial, 14 obese male subjects (25.3 ± 4.7 years; BMI = 35.8 ± 3.3 kg / m², and ≈40% body fat) were randomly submitted to three experimental sessions: 1) beetroot juice with exercise (Beet It Sport ® , James White Drinks Ltd., Ipswich, UK, ≈ 800 mg nitrate); 2) fruit soda juice with exercise (Kapo ® , Del Valle, Brazil, ≈ 5 mg nitrate); and 3) water without exercise. The exercise performed was moderate aerobic in treadmill, with duration of 40 minutes and intensity of 50% of reserve heart rate after. BP was measured at three different moments of the experimental session with digital esfigmomanometer (Omrom®, Brazil): before drinking (baseline, time 0), 60 minutes after drinking and immediately before exercise/control session (time 60) and one hour after acute high moderate exercise or control session (time 165). For statistical analysis, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (condition vs time) between the experimental sessions was used, and a statistical significance of p <0.05 was considered. Table 1 shows the results of laboratorial BP between interventions. There was no main effect of the condition x time interaction for systolic blood pressure, even though in beetroot juice and exercise there was a reduction of 8 mmHg systolic blood pressure at time 165. There was a main effect of the condition vs time interaction for diastolic blood pressure. Beetroot juice and exercise reduced diastolic blood pressure by 7 mmHg at time 2 (165 minutes after ingestion of juice), while fruit soda with exercise and control session did not influence BP.

Conclusion
Beetroot juice supplementation significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure in young men with obesity. Trial registration: http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-5gkhhj/ Results BCAA-Tau supplementation had a "likely positive" effect on 40-yd sprint time (non-significant change; p=0.210) and t-test agility run time (nonsignificant change; p=0.095) at 24-h, 48-h, and 72-h post-exercise compared to placebo intake. BCAA-Tau supplementation had a non-significant (p=0.074) but "likely positive" effect on vertical jump height at 48-h and 72-h post-exercise compared to placebo use. BCAA-Tau was found to have a significant (p=0.021) and "likely negative" impact on perceived soreness at 24-h, 48-h and 72-h post-exercise compared to placebo. Conclusion A single, pre-exercise ingestion of BCAA-taurine supplement appeared to provide performance benefits between 24-h and 72-h post-exercise. The use of perceptual scales might not be appropriate when used to equate perceived soreness to functional ability. Further trials that extend either the pre-exercise or post-exercise ingestion period are also recommended.

Background
There is evidence to suggest that one's diet may affect sleep quality and/or quantity. For instance, six months of modest caloric restriction in overweight individuals has been shown to shorten sleep onset latency. Furthermore, 12 weeks of a higher protein diet (1.5 g/kg/d) may improve sleep in overweight individuals versus a low protein diet (0.8 g/kg/d). Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine if a high-protein diet (>2.2 g/kg/d) affected parameters of sleep in exercise-trained men and women. This is the first investigation of its kind that has examined the effects of a high-protein diet in trained men and women.

Materials and methods
Eighteen subjects (6 male, 12 female) participated in this 14-day randomized crossover investigation

Results
There was a significantly higher intake of protein and calories during the high-protein phase of the study; however, there were no significant differences vis a vis the other dietary measures (Table 1). There was no effect of protein intake on any measures of sleep (Table 2).

Conclusion
Consuming a high-protein diet for one week had no effect on sleep quantity or quality. Furthermore, it is evident that the individuals in this study are chronically sleep-deprived. Data are expressed as the mean±SD. Legend: g-grams, kgkilograms *Significant difference between control and high-protein, p<0.0001 Background A large and growing body of research demonstrates that aerobic exercise results in improved physical, mental, and emotional well-being and has even been shown to protect against depression and other mood disorders. Despite the established mental benefits of aerobic exercise, the neurophysiological mechanisms through which exercise can improve mood and emotion processing is currently unclear. In order to answer this uncertainty, we are testing the extent to which high intensity aerobic exercise, relative to a control condition, can alter the late positive potential (LPP) event related potential (ERP), which is a physiological marker of emotion processing in the brain.

Materials and methods
In randomized crossover trial, we compared physiological and selfreport correlates of emotion processing after an acute aerobic exercise session compared to a control condition (n = 20, 10 males, mean age = 21, SD 2.78). Subjects ran on a treadmill at 70-80% of their estimated maximum heart rate for a 30-minute duration. We measured biomarkers associated with emotion processing and increased arousal (salivary alpha amylase and cortisol) at 4 different time-points at each session. Mood assessments included the profile of mood states and the state trait anxiety inventory. In order to examine brain changes associated with emotion processing, participants underwent EEG testing.

Results
We found that, relative to baseline testing, the LPP amplitude to emotionally-negative pictures is reduced after exercise (p < 0.05 at multiple electrode locations), suggesting decreased amygdala responsivity after exercise. In agreement, self-report measures also showed improved mood after exercise, relative to the control session t(19) = 2.27, p = 0.04. We also saw a significant session by time interaction for cortisol F(3,57) = 4.11, p = 0.01 and alpha amylase F(3,57) = 3.63, p = 0.02

Conclusions
The self-report mood measures agree with previous studies which showed a benefit of exercise on mood. New to our study, we show that the overall change in mood (TMD) is driven primarily by an increase in vigor and a decrease in depressive symptomatology. Combined, the biochemical data suggest that effects of exercise are likely related to activation of the sympathetic nervous systems, rather than cortisol (through HPA axis activation). New to our study, we show that exercise decreases the brain's response to emotionally negative stimuli (measured by the LPP ERP response). Combined, these findings demonstrate a possible neurobiological explanation for mood improvements following exercise.

Background
Basketball is an intermittent, high intensity sport in which athletes expend a significant amount of energy throughout competition. Knowing the number of calories expended per quarter could enhance fuel replenishment protocols used to optimize in-game performance and post-game recovery.

Methods
Thirteen, (19.6 ± 1.3 years old) NCAA Division I women basketball athletes were monitored throughout 31 games. To track calories, athletes were maximally tested (VO 2max ) before the season and monitored with a wearable microsensor that included a heart rate strap (Polar Team Pro, Kempele, Finland) for each 40-minute game (10 minute quarters).
To be included in the analysis, participants were required to participate in a minimum of three minutes in any given quarter and 10 minutes for the entire game. Three positions were analyzed: Guards, Forwards, and Centers. Multiple ANOVAs were used in the analyses.

Results
There was a main effect of group (p < 0.001) for total calories expended throughout games; Guards (907 ± 227) expended less energy than Forwards (1179 ± 316) and Centers (1200 ± 234). Guards consistently expended less energy than Forwards and Centers throughout each quarter. There was a main effect of condition (p < 0.001), as more energy was expended in warm-ups than all other quarters.

Conclusions
Energy expenditure in games is different for each position. Athletes expend more energy in warm-ups when compared to each quarter. Fuel replenishment or carbohydrate containing hydration protocols should begin after warm-ups and be specific to each position and athlete to optimize in-game performance and to enhance post-game recovery.

A17
The kinetics of muscle carnosine increase with β-alanine supplementation Carnosine (Carn: β-alanyl-L-histidine) is the only member of the histidine-containing-dipeptide family found in human muscle. Combined with β-alanine (β-A), the histidine residue of Carn is prevented from participating in protein synthesis enabling high concentrations to be accumulated. In addition, the pKa of the imidazole ring is raised from 6.1 to 6.83 making Carn a highly effective H + buffer with a power of 0.33 slykes • mol -1 Carn, over the pH range: 7.1 (resting pH) to 6.5 (post-exercise). Synthesis of Carn occurs in situ and is limited by β-A which has led to the use of supplements. But what dose and for how long should β-A be taken? From a review of three published studies, it was concluded that the rate of synthesis of Carn with β-A supplementation (vform) could be described by zero order kinetics, with a rate constant, k f , linearly related to dose.
Further, opposing this is an on-going process of Carn decay at a rate of vdec (d -1 ) most probably driven by the spontaneous reaction of Carn with carbonyl groups to form adducts which are then exported from muscle. Carn decay back to the pre-supplementation level (PSL) appears first order where: where ΔCarn is the increase above PSL ð Þ It follows: and by integration over time:  yrs). The athletes formed a homogeneous group, with identical training and competition requirements. Dietary adequacy was assessed from 4-day food intake records, using FoodWorks dietary analysis software. Supplement intakes were recorded concurrently with food intakes, using a validated questionnaire. All data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22. Within and between group gender differences in dietary intakes were determined using a two-way between factor ANOVA, with post-hoc Bonferroni-correction applied for multiple tests. Bootstrapping was used to correct for small sample size. The alpha level was set at 0.05.

Results
Mean dietary iron and calcium intakes among male athletes and non-athletes met the Recommended Dietary Intakes (RDI) from food alone, although this result did not confer a statistically significant difference between all groups, even when supplement intakes were added. Neither female athletes nor non-athletes met the RDI for iron or calcium from dietary sources, but supplement intakes increased iron intakes for female athletes to recommended levels. However the addition of calcium supplements did not increase intakes to RDI levels among female athletes or both non-athlete gender groups and statistical analyses did not show a significant difference between any groups. Contrary to expectations, female athletes showed a significantly higher (p=0.001) mean total energy intake compared to female non-athletes, although no significant differences were observed between male athletes and non-athletes.

Conclusion
Insufficient dietary iron and calcium intakes among young adult female Lifeguards place them at risk of growth and performance decrements, low BMD and stress fractures. Male and female nonathletes are similarly at risk, suggesting dietary micronutrient inadequacies may be age-related rather than competitive sport-related. Hence nutrition education is urgently needed among this at risk agegroup, regardless of sports participation.

A19
Safety, tolerability and nutrient status after consuming a total meal replacement beverage for 30 days: a randomized, placebocontrolled pilot study in healthy adults Poor nutrition is taking an extraordinary toll on human health and productivity. "Nutrition deserts" may be solved with nutrient-dense, cost-effective and shelf-stable meal replacements. While many studies have evaluated meal replacement diets for weight loss or medical needs, few have evaluated the effects of complete meal replacements in non-obese, healthy adults in a real-world setting [1]. The primary objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the safety, tolerability and changes in nutritional status in 15 healthy adults instructed to consume only a liquid total meal replacement beverage (TMB) for 30 days. Methods 30 non-obese adults (20 female, 10 male) aged 18-40 years with BMI 22-30 kg/m² in the United Kingdom were randomly assigned to the TMB (Soylent 2.0, Rosa Labs, California) (n=15) ad libitum, or the control group (n=15) who continued their normal lifestyle ( Figure 1). Subjects were accustomed to the typical Western diet, had a stable body weight and consumed junk food at least once a week. Treatment was the replacement of all meals and caloric beverages with TMB ad libitum, with a target of 2,000 kcal/day (5 bottles, 400 calories each). Subjects were instructed not to change level of physical activity. Measurements at baseline, 15 and 30 days included body weight, blood count, metabolic profile, blood lipids, liver enzymes, urinalysis, electrolytes and nutrient status. All subjects completed a daily food diary and subjective scales for gastrointestinal discomfort, satiety and mood.
Results 29 subjects completed the study. Subjects consuming TMB experienced a modest reduction in body weight compared to the control group (P<0.001), and reduced fasting blood sugar (P<0.05) from baseline. Heavier subjects tended to consume more TMB and lose more weight than lighter subjects ( Figure 2). An increase in Vitamin B12 and folate status (P</=0.001) was observed in the TMB group versus control. No other changes in safety-related or nutrient markers were found. Subjects consuming TMB rated high on satiety ratings. Subjective scores for abdominal discomfort and satiety were similar in both groups, with a small percent of subjects reporting transient changes in stomach rumbling. Consistent with previous pilot studies, TMB was safe and well tolerated [2].

Conclusion
This 'stress test' human pilot study found consumption of a target of 2,000 kcal TMB for 30 days was safe and well tolerated. TMB maintained or improved body weight and nutrient status and metabolism in this small group of healthy, non-obese subjects.  Background Body composition is an important determinant of health status. Current two-compartment methods used to determine human body composition are hydrodensitometry, air displacement plethysmography (BodPod), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). These options are expensive, inconvenient, lack portability, and are simply unavailable to many people. Conversely, field methods for body composition analysis are portable but often have questionable validity. The purpose of this study is to apply the new technology of three-dimensional (3D) scanning to the two-compartment model of body composition by capturing volume. We tested the reliability and validity of an Xbox Kinect V1 motion-capturing input device. This technology is relatively inexpensive and is already present in many homes where it is used for gaming. To our knowledge, this is the first study to attempt to use affordable and accessible scanning technology to determine body fat percent (BF%).

Materials and methods
We applied the Xbox Kinect V1 to the two-compartment model, which relies on the subject's density and assumes the body consists of fat-free mass and fat mass. Participants (n=32) wore form-fitting clothing with hair placed on top of the head. Participants stood upright with hands at sides and feet tight together. A complete 360degree 3D model of the subject was captured. All scans underwent post processing, removing background artifacts. Scans were exported as stereolithography (STL) files and transferred to Blender to calculate model volume. To calculate density, subjects' mass was divided by volume minus residual lung volume (RLV). The Siri or Schutte equations were used to convert body density to BF%. Skinfold caliper BF% estimates were compared to the 3D scanning results.

Results
Interobserver error was tested using ANOVA (p=0.2), with no statistically significant differences between operators. Subjects were successfully captured as 3D images, although regression results (R 2 =0.04, variance=1008) indicate that XBox Kinect consistently yielded a higher BF% than indicated by skinfold calipers (average percent error = 68.79%). Xbox Kinect and accompanying software provided erroneously high volume estimates, which decreased density while increasing BF%.

Conclusion
The Xbox Kinect V1 suffers from common 3D scanner limitations (e.g., difficulty capturing reflective surfaces, sharp angles, and holes). These limitations are corrected with a skilled operator. Our research indicates the need for an equation to correct this over-estimated BF%, or additional post-processing such as a calculated polygonal simplification. Future research using the updated Kinect V2 is warranted, while comparing 3D models to criterion measures such as hydrostatic weighing or BodPod. Background Vitamin D is important for bone health [1,2] and is recognized to play a role in autoimmune disease, respiratory infections, and cancer [1]. Among athletes, it has been found to be associated with musculoskeletal function, injury prevention, and sports performance [1]. Women athletes are at higher risk for bone diseases [3] yet, the relationship between vitamin D status and body composition among this group is understudied. In addition, women with darker skin color may be at higher risk for vitamin D deficiency [1,2]. Therefore, the purpose was to examine relationships between vitamin D status, body composition, and skin pigmentation in a sample of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I (NCAA-DI) women athletes. Materials and methods NCAA-DI women athletes from volleyball (VB; n=12), basketball (BB; n=12), and track and field (TF; n=12) were tested January -March 2017, the non-vitamin D synthesizing period in northern Virginia. Measures included: serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ((25(OH)D)) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); body composition, including bone mineral density, using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA); and skin pigmentation via a spectrophotometer. In addition, participants self reported their daily intake of dietary vitamin D (food frequency questionnaire) and total daily sun exposure.
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analyzed mean differences in all measures across sports category. Linear regression examined the relationship between 25(OH)D, BMD, LBM, and skin pigmentation.

Results
Participants (

Conclusions
Vitamin D insufficiency was prevalent among this sample and inversely related to LBM. The lack of relationships between 25(OH)D and BMD, as well as skin pigmentation do not support previous findings in healthy adults [2]; therefore, caution should be exercised in applying results to NCAA-DI women athletes. Further, the inverse association between 25(OH)D and LBM is of interest and warrants further investigation. Routine monitoring of vitamin D status and appropriate dietary sources and/or supplementation are recommended to sustain athlete health and sport performance.

Background
To appropriately evaluate the effectiveness of lifestyle modifications undertaken to improve body composition, valid assessment methods are needed. The purpose of this study was to examine the group and individual accuracy of body composition estimates obtained from multi-compartment models, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and several impedance-based devices in male and female bodybuilders.

Results
The 3-compartment model with a BIS body water estimate produced the lowest SEE, TE, and LOA for all variables, although some alternative methods had lower CE. In general, multi-compartment models with BIS or multi-frequency BIA (MFBIA) body water estimates produced more accurate body composition estimates than single assessment techniques (i.e. DXA, BIS, EIM and BIA). Some single assessment techniques produced low group errors. However, all single assessment techniques produced LOA large enough (e.g. ± 4 -9% fat) to make the accuracy of these methods questionable when assessing individual athletes.

Conclusions
Multi-compartment models are recommended for improved group and individual accuracy in muscular athletes. Three-compartment models can exhibit excellent accuracy when compared to a reference 4-compartment model. Therefore, when DXA is unavailable for use in a 4-compartment model, 3-compartment models can be utilized by obtaining estimates of body volume (via hydrostatic weighing or air displacement plethysmography) and body water (via BIS or MFBIA). When multi-compartment models are not feasible, groups of muscular athletes may be assessed using single assessment techniques, such as DXA and BIS, with fairly good to very good accuracy. However, appropriate caution should be employed when interpreting and utilizing body composition estimates, particularly from single assessment techniques used in individual athletes.

Background
A very recent clinical trial demonstrated that the intake of specific collagen peptides (TENDOFORTE ® ), has a positive impact on subjects suffering from chronic ankle instability (CAI) [ 1 ]. After a three month supplementation of TENDOFORTE ® , ankle stability clearly improved compared to placebo, as indicated by the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool and the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (p < 0.01). In addition, a three-month follow-up revealed a significant decline in the number of ankle joint injuries (p < 0.05). The reason for the positive clinical results observed was unclear. Therefore, the effect of TENDOFORTE ® was investigated in pre-clinical tests on human ligament and tendon cells to elucidate the direct impact of specific collagen peptide supplementation on the extracellular matrix molecule (ECM) synthesis.

Materials and methods
Primary fibroblasts derived from human anterior cruciate ligaments and Achilles tendons were isolated by enzymatic digestion and seeded in monolayer cultures. After 80% cell confluence, the regular culture medium was supplemented with specific bioactive collagen peptides (TENDOFORTE ® , GELITA AG, Germany). The RNA expression of the extracellular matrix molecules (ECM), type I collagen, proteoglycans andin the case of ligament cells -elastin was determined via real-time PCR after 24 hours of culture. Furthermore, the ECM biosynthesis of tendon and ligament derived fibroblasts was determined using validated methods like western blotting, Alcian blue staining, or 14 [C]-incorporation assay. Statistically significant differences in the RNA expression and ECM biosynthesis were tested in comparison to untreated control experiments with the One-Student's t-test.

Results
The data revealed that supplementation with specific collagen peptides led to a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in the RNA expression of the tested ECM molecules (type I collagen, proteoglycans, elastin) in ligament cells compared with placebo. These data were confirmed on protein level with a 20 to 50% (p < 0.05) increase in the biosynthesis of the matrix molecules after TENDOFORTE ® treatment. Comparable results could be observed after supplementation in tendon cells. On RNA level, a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in type I collagen and proteoglycan expression was determined compared to the untreated controls. Moreover, the biosynthesis of collagen and proteoglycans increased significantly with TENDOFORTE ® treatment.

Conclusions
The results clearly show the stimulatory impact of specific collagen peptides on ECM molecules in ligament and tendons. The increased biosynthesis of the predominant matrix molecules in both tissues might explain the positive results on ankle stability and the reduced injury rate observed in the clinical trial. The purpose of this prospective pharmacokinetic (PK) study was to evaluate two different delivery systems for caffeine in healthy adults. Caffeine is found in foods, beverages and in dietary supplements. Athletes often utilize caffeine as an ergogenic aid for sport and mental performance. The timing of caffeine ingestion for ergogenic use has typically been centered on timing for events that commence within an hour of dosing, however for events of longer duration, caffeine dosing may not have the desired impact. Sustained or delayed release caffeine may have ergogenic use for athletes who engage in prolonged training or who want to customize their caffeine experience.

Materials and methods
In a prospective randomized two-way counterbalanced cross over pharmacokinetic trial, 12 healthy adults (35.8±11.62 y.o., BMI of 26.67 ±4.63 kg/m 2 , 7 males, 5 females) under standardized conditions were given either Immediate Release Caffeine 250mg (IR) or Extended Release Caffeine 250 mg (ER; zümXR® , Nano Pharmaceuticals, Denver, CO.) with the opposite administered after a three-day washout. Subjects were dosed and plasma caffeine was measured over a 12 hr post-dose period. Plasma caffeine was measured by LC MS/MS (Keystone Bioanalytical). The PK profile for Tmax, Cmax and terminal ½ life was determined by linear mixed effects model. Standard statistical techniques were also used.

Results
Dissolution tests of the raw material revealed that the IR caffeine delivers 100% of the caffeine within1 hour. The ER caffeine (ZümXR ® ) was found to deliver 26% caffeine by 1 hour and 79% by 6 hours. The Per Protocol analysis (n=12) revealed that the IR caffeine had a Cmax of 7.42 ± 1.78 ug/ml, Tmax of 1.0 hr and a half-life (t ½ h) of 6.38 ± 2.71 hr. In contrast, the ER caffeine (zümXR®) had a Cmax of 3.66 ± 1.13 ug/ml, a Tmax of 4.0 hr and a half-life (T ½ h) of 10.5± 5.12 hr.

Conclusions
This study demonstrated that the ER caffeine has a different and extended PK profile relative to the IR caffeine. The ER caffeine exhibited a 300% longer Tmax and 64.6% longer half-life than the IR caffeine. This human data supports the dissolution data, adding strength to the overall findings. ER caffeine such as zümXR® technology may have application for athletes who desire extended circulating levels of caffeine. The use of nutritional supplements to improve human performance has garnered substantial interest. Specifically, Shilajit is composed of fulvic acid, dibenzo-α-pyrones, proteins, and minerals. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of 8-wks of Shilajit supplementation at 250 mg·day -1 (low dose) and 500 mg·day -1 (high dose) versus placebo on fatigue-induced percent decline in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC).

Materials and methods
Thirty recreationally-active men (X ± SD; age: 21.6 ± 2.5 years, height: 180.8 ± 6.0 cm, weight: 85.7 ± 15.4 kg) participated in the investigation. The subjects were randomly assigned to the high dose, low dose, or placebo group (each group: n=10). The pre-supplementation testing, the subjects performed 2, pretest MVICs followed by 2 sets of 50 maximal, bilateral, concentric isokinetic leg extensions at 180°·s -1 separated by 2-min of rest, and then 2, posttest MVICs. Percent decline in MVIC was defined as: Pretest MVIC−Posttest MVIC Pretest MVIC Ã 100:The subjects supplemented with either 250 mg·day -1 , 500 mg·day -1 , or placebo for 8wks and then returned for post-supplementation testing and repeated the pre-supplementation testing procedures. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine post-supplementation differences between groups for the adjusted mean percent decline in MVIC values covaried for pre-supplementation values.

Results
At the pre-supplementation testing visit, there was a significant (p=0.03; η 2 p =0.17) difference in percent decline values between the groups. The ANCOVA indicated that there was a difference in the adjusted post-supplement values (p=0.04; η 2 p =0.17). The post-hoc pairwise comparisons indicated that the percent decline in MVIC for the high dose group was significantly less than both the low dose (8.9% vs. 17.0%; p = 0.002; Cohen's D (d)= 1.1) and placebo (8.9% vs. 16.0%; p = 0.044; d= 0.95) groups. There was no difference in percent decline in MVIC between the low dose and the placebo groups (17.0% vs. 16.0%; p=0.774; d= 0.13).

Conclusions
In conclusion, the high dose group maintained more muscular strength than the low dose and placebo groups. Thus, the findings indicated that a daily dose of 500 mg was beneficial for reducing the effect of fatigue on the expression of maximal strength.

Background
Various strategies to avoid post-exercise energy intake (EI) compensation have recently been investigated. Manipulating exercise intensity has shown more pronounced effects on hunger suppression, greater reduction on orexigenic, and greater increase in anorexigenic hormones; however, decreased EI after high-intensity compared to moderate-intensity exercise has not been universally reported. Furthermore, decrements in EI following exercise may differ depending on the timing of meal/snack consumption. The aim of present study was to analyze post-exercise EI considering different exercise intensities and timing relative to meal consumption. Materials and methods Ten sedentary, overweight men (age 31±3 years, peak oxygen consumption 32.3±6.7 mL.kg -1 .min -1 , body mass 90.8±8.8 kg, height 178.0±9.0 cm; body mass index 28.7±2.0 kg.m -2 ) completed 6 sessions. The first session consisted of anthropometric measurements and an incremental test on a cycle ergometer to determine maximal aerobic power (MAP). Each experimental protocol started upon the arrival of the participant at approximately 8 a.m. following a minimum 10-hour fast. During the five experimental sessions, participants were randomly submitted to conditions where exercise and ingestion were manipulated: 30 minutes of steady-state exercise (SSE -50% of MAP) and high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE -30s repetitions at MAP separated by 30s of passive recovery) matched for total work were performed 1-hour (SSE;HIIE) or 2.5h (SSE delay ;HIIE delay ) after receiving a standardized breakfast, as well as a control session in which participants did not perform any exercise. Finally, an ad libitum buffet was offered 3.5 hours following the completion of the standardized breakfast.

Results
To compare EI and macronutrient intake in different conditions, a mixed linear model was conducted, while energy expenditure between intensities was compared with a paired t-test. Energy expenditure was greater following the high-intensity (290.5±33.2 Kcal) compared to the moderate-intensity (251.7±28.3 Kcal; p < 0.001) conditions. Absolute EI was lesser in HIIE delay (756.7± 282.4 kcal) than during the control session (1045.4± 353.9 kcal; p=0.014). Relative EI (absolute EI minus energy expenditure from exercise) was greater in control compared to other conditions (SSE delay 592.7±315.4 Kcal; p = 0.010; HIIT 627.3±35.4 Kcal; p = 0.006; HIIT delay 466.3±269.7 kcal; p < 0.001) with the exception of SSE (691.3±394.9 kcal; p = 0.103). There was no effect of condition on macronutrient intake.

Conclusions
These preliminary data show that manipulating exercise intensity and timing may influence the anorexigenic effect of exercise given that the HIIT delay condition resulted in decreased absolute EI compared to a control session. Background It is well documented that high quality proteins of various sources stimulate muscle protein synthesis leading to improvements in body composition. Less is known about the comparative pharmacokinetics of these proteins.

Materials and methods
This was a prospective, randomized, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic exploratory clinical trial to evaluate the comparative pharmacokinetics and relative effects of Chicken Protein isolate (Chik│Pro™) alone and compared to Beef Protein isolate. The 22 subjects were randomized by Body Mass Index category [19.0 to 26.9 and 27.0 to 34.9] in 2 groups of 11 subjects each. Subjects fasted overnight for at least eight hours and in a single blind fashion consumed 25 grams protein of CP or BP on Day 1 and the alternative treatment after a 3 day washout on Day 4. The blood samples were collected through repeated venipuncture for the amino acids at preingestion (within 1 hour of dose) and post-ingestion at 30, 60, 90, 120,180 minutes. Change from time point 0 was measured by standard statistical techniques for subsequent time points as well as for pharmacokinetic parameters.

Conclusion
Chicken protein isolate (Chik│Pro™) was superior to Beef Protein isolate with greater bioavailability in delivering leucine and essential amino acids faster and to a greater extent to the body than beef protein suggesting it may enhance recovery via protein synthesis faster than beef protein.

Background
(-)-Epicatechin supplementation has been shown to increase exercise performance, muscle fatigue resistance, muscle capillarity, and mitochondrial biogenesis in mice. The purpose of the study was to determine if four weeks of cycling combined with (-)-epicatechin supplementation is more effective at increasing aerobic and anaerobic adaptations than cycling combined with placebo. Methods Nine female and ten male participants with a mean age of 20.7 ± 1.7 years completed the study. Participants completed two testing sessions separated by four weeks of training on a cycle ergometer with twice daily supplementation of 100 mg (200 mg total daily) of 98% pure (-)-epicatechin or placebo (cellulose). For the testing sessions, hemodynamics and body mass were measured followed by a Wingate anaerobic cycle test to assess peak anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity. After the Wingate test, participants rested for 15 minutes and then completed a peak oxygen uptake test on a cycle ergometer. For the exercise training, participants completed four cycling sessions per week following a standardized protocol for a total of 16 exercise sessions. Changes in body mass, hemodynamics, peak VO 2 , peak anaerobic power, and anaerobic capacity were analyzed utilizing mixed-model ANOVA with an a priori alpha level of 0.05. Results A significant difference was observed for time for relative peak anaerobic power (p < .01, partial η 2 = .74), relative anaerobic capacity (p < .01, partial η 2 = .46), and fatigue index (p < .01, partial η 2 = .47). A significant difference was observed for time for absolute peak VO 2 (p < .01, partial η 2 = .48) and peak power output obtained during the peak VO 2 test (p < .01, partial η 2 = .66). A significant interaction between group and time for relative peak VO 2 was observed (p = .04, partial η 2 = .24). Relative peak VO 2 significantly increased over time in the placebo group (p < .01, partial η 2 = .66), but not in the (-)-epicatechin group (p = .21, partial η 2 = .19). Furthermore, an independent-samples t-test of the difference scores between the pre-and post-tests for relative peak VO 2 revealed a significant difference between groups (p = .04, Cohen's d = 1.06). Conclusions (-)-Epicatechin supplementation appears to suppress peak relative VO 2 training response when combined with exercise training on a cycle ergometer. Research into the potential mechanisms inhibiting aerobic adaptations is warranted.

Background
Short-term (-)-epicatechin supplementation has been demonstrated to increase exercise tolerance in rodents. In one human study, seven days of (-)-epicatechin supplementation (25 mg daily) was reported to increase handgrip strength by 7%. The purpose of this study was to determine if acute supplementation of (-)-epicatechin can increase performance during the 15.5 CrossFit Open Workout. Methods Eleven healthy participants (male = 5, female = 6) completed the study. Average age and body mass index (BMI) of the participants was 26.4 ± 4.8 years and 25.4 ± 4.0 kg/m 2 , respectively. After an entry session to explain the study, participants completed three testing sessions. At each testing session, body mass was recorded followed by the participant completing the 15.5 CrossFit Open Workout for time. In short, the workout consists of four rounds of rowing followed by barbell thrusters. Total time to complete the workout was recorded along with split times for each exercise of each round. The first testing session was treated as a familiarization workout and no supplement was consumed. In a randomized, balanced fashion, 100 mg of 98% pure (-)-epicatechin or cellulose (placebo) was consumed twice daily for two days prior to testing sessions two and three. On the day of testing, 200 mg of the designated supplement was consumed approximately 60 to 90 minutes before completing the workout. Each testing session was performed five to seven days apart at the same time of day for each participant, and participants were asked to keep pre-testing meals consistent between sessions. Statistical analyses were performed using repeated-measures ANOVA with an a priori alpha level of 0.05.

Results
No significant difference was observed for time to complete the workout between testing sessions (Familiarization = 708 ± 261 s, placebo = 687 ± 250 s, (-)-epicatechin = 684 ± 213 s; p > 0.05). Additionally, no difference between testing sessions was observed for split times (p > 0.05). Body mass was not significantly different between testing sessions. Further analyses also revealed no influence of testing session order or sex on the time to complete the workout. Conclusions Acute consumption of 200 mg of 98% (-)-epicatechin prior to the Crossfit 15.5 Open Workout does not appear to increase performance. More research is needed to determine if (-)-epicatechin supplementation is beneficial for other exercise modalities.

Background
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between fast food consumption (FFC), region of college attendance, track and field event participation, body mass index (BMI) classification, grade point average (GPA), living arrangement, perceived body image, and fruit and vegetable intake within a sample of currently active female collegiate track and field athletes. Methods Current collegiate female track and field athletes (n = 165) were surveyed. Continuous data were found to violate the assumption of normality as assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test (all p < 0.05) visual inspection of Q-Q plots. Therefore, group comparisons were performed using Kruskal-Wallis H tests and Mann-Whitney U tests. Pairwise comparisons for significant Kruskal-Wallis H tests were performed using Dunn's procedure with a Bonferroni adjustment. Associations were determined using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. All analyses were performed with an a priori alpha level of 0.05.

Results
The South region reported significantly more FFC than the West (p < 0.001) and Midwest (p = 0.001) regions. Athletes competing in sprints/jumps (p = 0.004) and throws (p < 0.001) reported significantly more FFC than distance athletes. Athletes who consumed five or more servings of fruit and/or vegetables per day reported significantly less FFC (p = .002), had a significantly lower BMI (p = .01), and reported a significantly higher GPA (p = .027) than those who did not. Obese participants reported significantly greater FFC than those categorized as underweight (p = 0.038). A significant positive correlation was observed between FFC and BMI (p < .001), and a significant negative correlation was observed between FFC and GPA (p = .043). Athletes competing in sprints/jumps (p < 0.001), heptathlon/pentathlon (p = 0.011), and throws (p < 0.001) all had significantly higher BMI than distance athletes. Furthermore, athletes competing in throws had significantly higher BMI than those competing in sprints/ jumps (p < 0.001). BMI was significantly higher for athletes whose current perceived body type did not match the body type that most appealed to them (p = .029).

Conclusions
Fast food consumption among female collegiate track and field athletes is related to track event participation, fruit and vegetable consumption, BMI, and GPA. Our results indicate a need for further exploration into the causal relationships between these variables. Additionally, further studies are necessary to determine if these relationships exist in other collegiate sports or in male athletes.

Background
The purpose of this study was to determine if Bang ® Master Blaster TM (BMB) in conjunction with resistance training increases lean body mass (LBM) and maximal strength more than resistance training while consuming a placebo. Secondly, changes in hemodynamics, skeletal muscle microRNA (miR) expression (miR-15a, -16, -23a, -23b, and -126), and serum hormones (IGF-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF) were investigated. Methods Sixteen healthy men with a mean age of 22.5 ± 2.9 years completed the study. Participants completed two testing sessions separated by four weeks of supervised resistance training with supplementation of one serving of BMB or placebo (Fibersol-2) daily (on training and non-training days). For the testing sessions, hemodynamics and body mass were measured followed by a DEXA scan. Venous blood and muscle biopsy samples were collected followed by maximal strength testing (1-RM) for the squat and bench press. For resistance training, participants completed four supervised sessions per week (two lower-body and two upper-body) for a total of 16 sessions. Changes in hemodynamics, body composition, maximal strength, gene expression, and serum hormones were analyzed with an a priori alpha level of 0.05.

Results
No statistically significant changes were observed for hemodynamics, fat mass, or body fat percentage. A significant interaction between group and time was observed for lean body mass (p < .01). Posthoc analyses revealed a greater increase (p < .01) in lean body mass for the BMB group (3.15 ± 1.61 kg) compared with placebo (.89 ± 1.24 kg). A significant interaction between group and time was observed for combined strength (squat + bench 1-RM; p = .02) and squat 1-RM (p = .04). Post-hoc analyses revealed a greater increase in combined strength for the BMB group (34.38 ± 15.10 vs. 18.75 ± 8.22 kg; p = .03). Additionally, a greater increase in squat 1-RM was observed for the BMB group (23.86 ± 8.50 vs.14.20 ± 8.57 kg; p = .04). No difference was observed for bench press 1-RM. No significant changes were observed for serum IGF-1 or serum BDNF. No change was observed in miR-15a, -16, -23b, or -126 expression. MicroRNA-23a significantly increased as a result of resistance training (p = .03), without any difference between groups (p > .05).

Conclusions
Compared with placebo, consumption of BMB preferentially increased LBM and maximal strength in combination with short-term resistance training. Background Exercise may induce physiological changes in gastrointestinal hormones, including ghrelin, which results in reduced energy intake in normal-weight subjects, and the magnitude of these responses may occur in an intensity-dependent manner [1]. However, these finds regard to different exercise intensities protocols are still lacking in obese population [2,3]. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the magnitude of different exercise intensities (MICE and HIIE) on ghrelin and energy intake in obese males.

Material and Methods
In a randomized crossover trial, ten volunteers (31.2 ± 6.4 years, 35.5 ± 4.1 kg/m², 40.1 ± 2.2% body fat) underwent to two experimental conditions: I) MICE (20 min, 70% of maximal heart rate [HR max ]) and II) HIIE (10 x 1 min, 90% HR max + 1 min active recovery). Total ghrelin was assessed in three moments: 1) pre-exercise, 2) post-exercise and 3) 1h post-exercise. Energy intake was evaluated 1 hour after sessions (ad libitum meal offered as a buffet) and throughout the day (24h food record). For statistical analysis a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (condition vs time) between the experimental sessions was performed to verify total ghrelin concentration and a paired t-test to verify difference on energy intake and macronutrients. A statistical significance of p <0.05 was considered.

A33
The effects of cocoa ingestion on vessel diameter and blood flow in healthy men and women Stacie L. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (SBP/DBP) was assessed using a digital blood pressure monitor (Omron HEM-907XL) in a supine position. Pre-supplementation ultrasound (S8 Exp, SonoScape Co.,Ltd.) of the brachial artery was performed to assess blood flow peak velocity (PV) and vessel diameter (DIA) and marked to ensure repeated measurements. Subjects were randomly assigned to ingest either 500mg Cocoa (EXP) or maltodextrin (PLC) with 8 ounces of water and remained seated for 30 minutes. All measures were then repeated post-ingestion and an adverse events questionnaire was given. There is a direct relationship between blood leptin levels and body weight, such that weight loss is associated with reductions in leptin concentrations. Given its role in regulating hunger and satiety, it is theoretically advantageous to keep leptin concentrations as elevated as possible during a hypocaloric diet. A strategy known as diet "refeeds" is thought to attenuate some of the adaptive responses to chronic caloric restriction, including reductions in metabolic rate and leptin concentrations. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare  leptin levels after 7 weeks of either continuous energy restriction or intermittent restriction with a twice-weekly carbohydrate re-feed.

Materials and methods
Resistance-trained males (n=8) and one female (23±3.8 years; 173 ±7.5 cm; 85±10.8 kg) participated in this pilot study. Participants were randomized to a diet re-feed group (Re-Feed; n=3) or a continuous diet group (CONT; n=5) in conjunction with 4 weekly resistance training sessions for a 7-week period. All participants adhered to a 25% kcal reduction from their baseline calorie intake. The Re-Feed group implemented two consecutive days of elevated CHO intake, followed by 5 days of caloric restriction each week. The CONT group adhered to a continuous 7-week caloric restriction. Leptin concentrations were assessed at baseline and after the 7-week diet.

Background
There is a direct relationship between resting metabolic rate and body weight, such that weight loss is associated with reductions in resting metabolic rate. The implementation of intermittent energy restriction-a strategy known as diet "re-feeds"-is thought to attenuate some of the adaptive responses to chronic caloric restriction, including reductions in metabolic rate and leptin concentrations. The purpose of this study was to compare the relative reductions in resting metabolic rate after 7 weeks of either continuous energy restriction or intermittent restriction with twice-weekly carbohydrate refeeds.
Materials and methods 27 resistance-trained males (n=14) and females (n=13) (25±6.1 years; 169±9.4cm; 80±15.6kg) were matched according to fat mass then randomized to a Re-Feed group (Re-Feed; n=13) or Continuous group (CONT; n=14) in conjunction with 4 weekly resistance training sessions for a 7-week period. All participants adhered to a 25% kcal reduction from their baseline calorie intake. The Re-Feed group implemented two consecutive days of elevated CHO intake, followed by 5 days of caloric restriction each week. The CONT group adhered to a continuous 7-week caloric restriction. Resting metabolic rate was assessed at baseline (following a two-week assessment of maintenance intake) and at the end of the 7-week diet.

Conclusion
The 27-38% improvements in time-to-exhaustion reflect an increased performance capacity with these supplements that may have important implications for "added time" scenarios. The larger improvement in choice-RT from TCr+Caf may be due to overlapping peak times for the supplements, leading athletes to sustain greater focus under fatigue for longer periods compared to the other conditions. Peak times may also play a role as the largest SRT improvements occurred at mid compared to post-game; perhaps a higher dosage would cause less of a decline during the transition between Caf and TCr. The improvement seen in accuracy post-game may indicate a training effect for allocation of resources toward the end of a game when players need greater concentration. Background Adequate nutrition is essential yet often undervalued aspect of training. The high caloric-expenditure of female soccer players points to the need for nutrition interventions designed to maximize recovery and enhance performance. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a systematic sport nutrition program on DI female soccer players. Methods Female soccer players (N S1 =26, N S2 =25; M weightS1 =65.6±5.8kg, M weightS2 =66.1±6.4kg; M heights1 =167.8±6.3cm, M heights2 =168.7±7.3cm) participating in a DI collegiate program were monitored for two consecutive competitive seasons (S1&S2). A sport nutrition program was implemented throughout S2 and included an emphasis on posttraining nutrition and educational seminars. Fitness tests, including body composition to assess fat-free mass (FFM) and percent bodyfat (%BF), vertical jump (VJ), and VO 2max , were performed pre-and postseason. Blood draws were performed prior to the start of preseason and every 4-weeks thereafter (T1-T4). Athletes arrived fasted and euhydrated in the morning 18-36 hours post-game. Free cortisol (FCORT), creatine kinase (CK), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), interleukin-6 (IL6) were analyzed. Polar Team-Pro was used to assess practices and games by providing trainingload (TL), distance (DIS), and Kcal/Kg. RM-MANOVAs with univariate follow-ups were conducted with significance set at P<0.05.

Conclusion
The external load on the athletes (i.e.,DIS) was similar between seasons. However, energy-expenditure, TL, and inflammation were mitigated in S2, suggesting the athletes exhibited improved physiological efficiency and recovery capability. This is particularly relevant given S2 athletes were better able to maintain performance outcomes compared to S1 who demonstrated decrements in VJ and VO 2max pre-to-post. This points to the efficacy of a systematic sports nutrition program and the need to further educate athletes on proper fueling strategies.

Conclusions
It appears females metabolize LCFA to a greater extent than males, specifically during AE and during recovery from RE. We also observed evidence that males rely more heavily on a mixture of BCAA and carbohydrate metabolism during and after exercise compared to females, perhaps balancing the difference observed in LCFA energy derivation. These findings may be dependent upon sex-differences in hormonal milieu, and/or different depots for fat and glycogen, as lean body mass differs between men and women. More research is needed to understand the sex-based differences in fuel metabolism during and following exercise. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a leguminous plant that has historically been used in Indian, North African, and Arabic regions as a dietary supplementation for its proposed health benefits. In recent years fenugreek has started to be cultivated worldwide and used as an anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antiseptic, and libido booster. Limited quality research has been done examining the significance of the effects of fenugreek supplementation to improve men's health, particularly aging male symptoms (AMS) and healthrelated quality of life (HRQoL). This was an 8-week randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial examining the efficacy of daily concentrated fenugreek seed extract (AlphaFen®) supplementation on healthy men's total testosterone (TT), health-related quality of life, grip strength, and male aging symptoms.

Results
The fenugreek conditions reported significant improvements in grip strength, quality of sleep, aging male symptoms, and total testosterone compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Significant increases in grip strength were reported (p = 0.02) with 71% of individuals in the treated group showing an improvement. In respect to sleep quality 68% of individuals in the placebo compared to 95% of those in the supplemented groups reported a reduction in the number of days they felt that they did not get enough sleep (p = 0.03). Doseresponse significantly affected sleep quality (p < 0.05). Significantly more participants had a positive change in their AMS Total sores in treated groups (p < 0.01), as well the treated groups demonstrating significant improvements in the sexual subscale over placebo (p = 0.05). TT increased significantly in the treated groups over placebo (p = 0.05).

Conclusion
Fenugreek supplementation is safe and effective for improving aging male symptoms, total testosterone concentrations, sleep quality and grip strength in healthy recreationally active men. Future researchers are encouraged to examine the health and ergogenic effects of fenugreek supplementation in hypogonadal and older populations.

Background
The Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) is used to evaluate anaerobic capacity. However, the traditional data provided by WAnT such as peak power (PP), anaerobic capacity, fatigue index (FI), and total work provide an incomplete picture of the energy systems utilized during this (typical) 30 second test. Specifically, the rate at which the power output changes during the test would provide helpful information about the energy systems utilized. Fatigue rate (FR) has been recently introduced and represents the rate that power decreases during a test. We combined FR measures and calculated area under the curve (AUC) of bioenergetic specific intervals of the WAnT output in order to provide novel analytical techniques that can be utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise training programs and/or ergogenic aids designed to augment anaerobic exercise performance.

Materials and methods
Data from 30s WAnT tests (torque factor of 0.075) were analyzed for 37 physically active college students (22 female; mass: 73.3±12.2 kg). Data were analyzed with SAS software. The 30s (power at every 0.1 sec) of the WAnT test was divided into three sequential eight second intervals (P, PG, G) following each subject's PP. Generally, interval P was from 1.0-8.9 s, PG from 9-16.9 s, and G from 17-24.9 s (Figure 1). Background Inositol-stabilized arginine silicate (ASI; Nitrosigine®) is a popular preworkout ingredient that has been shown to increase nitric oxide production, blood flow, muscle recovery, energy, and cognitive function. ASI has been shown to significantly increase mental acuity, focus and processing speed within 15 minutes of taking a single dose [1]. However, the effect of ASI on cognitive function following exercise had not yet been evaluated. Because intense physical activity can cause mental fatigue which can then have a negative impact on decision making and physical performance, preventing cognitive impairment would be advantageous for athletes in maintaining focus and mental acuity. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study evaluated the effects of an acute dose of ASI (1,500 mg) on cognitive function following intense aerobic exercise.

Materials and methods
Twenty-four healthy male adults 18-40 years of age and BMI 18.5-30 kg/m 2 were randomized equally to two study arms, separated by a 2-week washout period. Participants took a single dose of ASI (1,500 mg) or placebo 30 minutes prior to a treadmill maximally Graded Exercise Test (mGXT). A Trail Making Test (TMT), composed of two parts (TMT-A and TMT-B) was used to measure cognitive function prior to dosing and immediately after exercise. The time to complete the TMT measured mental acuity, focus and processing speed, with an increase in time indicating a decrease in cognitive function, and a decrease in time indicating an improvement in cognitive function.

Results
A single dose of ASI significantly improved cognitive function parameters of mental acuity, focus and processing speed after intense exercise, compared to placebo (p ≤ 0.05). Following strenuous exercise, time to complete TMT-A and TMT-B increased by a significant 51% and 11% respectively in the placebo group, while it decreased by 5% for TMT-A and 7% for TMT-B when participants consumed an acute dose of ASI (p ≤ 0.05; Figure 1).

Conclusions
The results of this study showed that ASI prevents the decline in cognitive function seen following strenuous exercise. Acute consumption of ASI prevented the intense exercise induced cognitive function decline of 51% seen in the placebo. These results could be of interest to individuals looking to maintain a strong cognitive state after expending energy during intense athletics, as well as everyday life.

A51
The Lepidium meyenii, commonly known as maca, is a Peruvian plant that has been used for centuries to enhance mood, libido, and energy. Maca-N21 is a propriety blend of maca that has been shown to enhance cellular energy production and the activity of signaling proteins involved in muscle energy metabolism. The purpose of this preclinical study was to assess the effect of Maca-N21 on endurance capacity in exercised rats.

Materials and methods
Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats (age: 8 weeks, weight: 180 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into four groups (n=7 per group): 1) Control (vehicle), 2) Maca-N21 powder (40 mg/kg body weight), 3) Exercise control (vehicle), 4) Exercise + Maca-N21 powder (40 mg/kg body Fig. 1 (abstract A49). Example of eight second intervals delineated for a thirty second Wingate. P represents the phosphagen system, G glycolytic system, and PG the transition between the two systems. weight). Groups received treatment via oral gavage once per day for 21 consecutive days. All rats completed a swimming acclimation schedule. On the 14 th day of the experiment, 30 minutes after administration of study product, a weight-loaded forced swim test (5% body weight) was employed and rats were timed to exhaustion. On the 21 st day of the experiment, after administration of study product and a non-loaded swim test, rats were sacrificed. Serum and tissue samples were collected to measure levels of lactate and oxidative markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA).

Results
Swimming time to exhaustion in the Exercise + Maca-N21 group was 44% higher than the Exercise group (p < 0.05) (Figure 1). Following exercise, serum lactate levels were 42% lower in the Exercise + Maca-N21 group (12.74 mg/dL) compared to the Exercise group (21.89 mg/dL) (p < 0.05). Both exercised and non-exercised rats supplemented with Maca-N21 had lower levels of oxidative stress marker MDA in the serum, liver, and muscle compared to corresponding control groups (p < 0.05). Comparing exercise groups, muscle MDA levels were 19% lower in the Maca-N21 group (p < 0.05). Moreover, levels of muscle GSH-Px, an enzyme known to protect against oxidative damage, were higher in the Maca-N21 groups compared to corresponding control groups (p < 0.05). Comparing exercise groups, muscle GSH-Px levels were 44% higher in the Maca-N21 group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
The results of this preclinical study showed that Maca-N21 significantly improved swimming time to exhaustion in rats, as well as serum lactate and oxidative stress marker levels after exercise. These results support the use of Maca-N21 as an anti-fatigue and endurance enhancing ingredient for sports nutrition. Background Magnesium (Mg) is a mineral that plays an important role in many physiological functions and recently has been shown to improve learning and memory. Suboptimal magnesium intake, which is associated with various health issues, is common in the average American diet and therefore supplementation with bioavailable forms of magnesium is important for adequate magnesium intake and optimal health. The following preclinical study was carried out to compare the bioavailability and effects on learning and memory of magnesium oxide (MgO), a commonly used form of magnesium, to Mg-N21, a novel magnesium complex.

Materials and methods
Forty-two male Wistar rats (age: 8-week, weight: 180 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into the following groups (n=7 per group): Control (no treatment), MgO, Mg-N21, HFD (fed a high fat diet), HFD+MgO, and HFD+Mg-N21. Rats were supplemented for 8 weeks. Magnesium was dosed at 500 milligrams of elemental Mg/kg diet. Rats completed a Morris water maze four times a day for six consecutive days, with swimming pathway and latency in locating a hidden platform recorded for each trial. On the seventh day, rats were tested with the platform removed, with increased memory demonstrated by more platform crossings and time in target area. At the end of treatment, plasma and tissue samples were obtained for analysis.

Results
After 8 weeks, serum and liver magnesium levels were higher in both Mg-N21 groups verses corresponding control and MgO groups, while fecal levels were lower verses MgO groups (p < 0.05), indicating greater absorption and retention. Brain magnesium levels were higher in the Mg-N21 group compared to the MgO and Control groups (p < 0.05). Levels of brain antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD) and proteins involved in learning and memory (presynaptic synapsin I, PSD95, and PSD93) were higher in the HFD+Mg-N21 group compared to the other HFD groups (p < 0.05). Finally, in the HFD+Mg-N21 group, the number of platform crossings during the water maze ( Figure 1) and time in target area were greater than the Control group (p < 0.05), while that number and time remained unchanged for the MgO group.

Conclusions
Results showed that Mg-N21 is a highly bioavailable form of magnesium that improves learning and memory compared to magnesium oxide. These results support the use of Mg-N21 as a well absorbed and retained form of magnesium to enhance cognition. Fig. 1 (abstract A51). See text for description Fig. 1 (abstract A52). See text for description Because chromium is known to enhance insulin sensitivity, ACr combined with protein may further enhance mTOR signaling via improved insulin action. To explore this hypothesis, the phosphorylation of mTOR signaling factors, such as mTOR, S6K1, and 4E-BP1, were analyzed in rat skeletal muscle following exercise and supplementation with protein and ACr.

Materials and methods
Young (8-week old) male Wistar rats weighing 250-300g were randomized into a control group or twelve different protein groups (n=8 per group) ( Table 1). All rats completed a 10-day treadmill acclimation schedule and on the day of the single-dose experiment, rats were exercised at 26 m/min for 2 hours and then fed their assigned product immediately after exercise. Test products were dissolved in water and administered via oral gavage. One hour later, rats were sacrificed, and muscle tissue samples were taken to determine the phosphorylation of mTOR, S6K1, and 4E-BP1 via western blot methods.

Conclusions
When added to escalating doses of WP, as well as BCAAs and pea protein, ACr significantly increased the phosphorylation of MPS signaling proteins including mTOR, S6K1, and 4E-BP1. The results of this preclinical study confirm activity of the mTOR signaling pathway and its downstream targets through which ACr enhances MPS when added to various sources of protein.

Background
The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a widely-used instrument to assess cognitive processing speed and executive functioning. The test consists of two parts, A and B. Each test is measured by the time to completion, with lower scores indicating greater performance. TMT-A involves connecting an ascending sequence of 25 numbers, while TMT-B involves connecting an alternating sequence of 25 numbers and letters. While Part A of the TMT is a simpler test, Part B is a more complex test that requires the ability to mentally switch between tasks. Cognitive flexibility, or the mental ability to switch between concepts, is important for task-switching. Therefore, the difference between TMT-B and TMT-A scores, the TMT B-A score, has been established to emphasize the complexity of TMT-B and be a more direct measure of cognitive flexibility. A reduction in the TMT B-A score demonstrates higher cognitive flexibility, which is vital for performance in various sports that require constant shifting between cognitive tasks. Because ASI (inositol-stabilized arginine silicate; Nitro-sigine®) has been shown to significantly improve TMT A and B scores individually compared to placebo [1], this post hoc analysis was carried out to examine the effects of ASI on the TMT B-A score.

Materials and methods
A randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the acute effects of ASI (1,500 mg) on cognitive function in sixteen healthy, active male subjects (aged 18 to 35 years, BMI 19 to < 30 kg/m 2 ) [1]. TMT B-A scores were calculated in each group before and after supplementation by subtracting TMT-A time from TMT-B time.

Results
After a single dose, the decrease in the mean TMT B-A score from baseline was significantly greater in the ASI group (-14.4 sec; -45%) compared to placebo (-1.5 sec; -4%) (Figure 1) (p < 0.05 between groups).

Conclusions
The results of this analysis show that ASI significantly improves TMT B-A scores, supporting the use of ASI to boost cognitive flexibility and improve athletic performance. Cognitive flexibility is vital for various performance activities, from video games to traditional sports such as soccer that require task switching and rapid reactions to various visual and auditory cues. Therefore, supplementation with ASI may heighten gamers' and other athletes' performance by enhancing cognitive flexibility after just a single dose. Background Magnesium (Mg) is a mineral that acts as a co-factor for more than 300 enzymatic reactions in the body. It plays an important role in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Lower magnesium intake has been associated with increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. Supplementation with bioavailable forms of magnesium may be important for healthy metabolic function and body composition. This preclinical study was conducted to compare the effects of a novel form of magnesium, Mg-N21, to magnesium oxide (MgO) on metabolic function and body composition in rats.

Materials and methods
Forty-two male Wistar rats (age: 8-week, weight: 180 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into the following groups (n=7 per group): Control (no treatment), MgO, Mg-N21, HFD (fed with a high fat diet), HFD +MgO, and HFD+Mg-N21. Magnesium was dosed at 500 milligrams of elemental Mg/kg diet. All rats were supplemented for 8 weeks. At the end of treatment, plasma and tissue samples were obtained for analysis.

Results
Compared to the HFD group, visceral fat was 43% (-8.9 g) lower in the HFD+Mg-N21 group and 18% (-3.7 g) lower in the HFD+MgO group (p < 0.05 between groups) (Figure 1). While leptin levels were 10% lower in the HFD+MgO group compared to the HFD group, levels were 31% lower in the HFD+Mg-N21 group (p < 0.05 between groups). Glucose and insulin levels were lower in the HFD+Mg-N21 group compared to the HFD and HFD+MgO groups (p < 0.05 between groups). Moreover, glutamate receptor 1 and 2 levels were higher in the HFD+Mg-N21 group compared to the HFD and HFD +MgO groups (p < 0.05 between groups). Serum and liver levels of the oxidative stress marker MDA were reduced in the HFD+Mg-N21 group compared to the HFD and HFD+MgO groups (p < 0.05 between groups). No differences were observed between groups that were fed a normal diet.

Conclusions
The results of this study show that compared to MgO, Mg-N21 significantly improves indicators of healthy metabolic function, as well as body composition in rats fed a high fat diet. It is hypothesized that Mg-N21 may exert these effects by controlling hunger, improving glucose and insulin action, and inhibiting oxidative stress. Fig. 1 (abstract A54). See text for description Fig. 1 (abstract A55). See text for description

Objective
The interpretation of research studies involving a treatment is dependent upon a robust trial design and the accurate reporting of subsequent findings. An essential component to interpreting the research findings of any study is the presentation of a scientific report in respective journals. On an intuitive level, consistency across journals relative to reporting standards should be the norm. However, we contend that a misunderstanding and lack of consistency regarding data reporting in intervention trials involving sports nutrition still exists. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the robustness of publications reporting intervention trials in sports nutrition relative to The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) recommendations.

Methods
We examined 236 papers from ten journals published in 2016. The primary outcome was statistical variance associated with treatment (correct SD vs. SEM or CI). Secondary outcomes included reported: (a) effect sizes (Y/N), (b) outcome prioritization (Y/N; primary, secondary etc.) and (c) statistical variance relative to change from baseline expressed CI (recommended CI vs. SD or SEM) and (d) directed hypotheses (specific, non-specific, none), and an exploratory analysis for journal prevalence regarding each factor. Prevalence was examined using chi-square analyses and between pairwise between category comparisons were Bonferonni adjusted for multiple comparisons.

Conclusions
Journals reporting on sports nutrition fail to adhere to more robust CONSORT based recommendations. We suggest that the initial burden falls on publishers. However, Editors-in-Chief and peer reviewers are equally responsible for enhancing data reporting standards. Despite the evolution of advanced measurement techniques in science, it is apparent that reporting standards still lag behind. The time has come for the sports sciences to raise the bar of scientific reporting.

A57
The effects of a multi-ingredient preworkout supplement vs. Multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements (PWOS) have been shown to improve various metrics of muscular performance during resistance exercise. Caffeine, the main ingredient in most PWOS, appears to be largely responsible for these ergogenic effects, with little research examining whether the ancillary ingredients (i.e.: taurine, agmatine sulfate, Teacrine, etc.) confer additional benefits. To our knowledge, nearly all PWOS studies have been compared against a placebo, and never directly against caffeine. Therefore, the purpose of this pilot study was to conmpare the effects of a PWOS against a caffeine matched condition. Methods Men (n=5; 22.4±3.8 years, 178.1±6.4 cm, 84.7± 10.8 kg, 15.5±5.9 BF%) with at least one year of resistance training were randomly assigned a placebo (P), caffeine (C: 250 mg), or a PWOS (Perform Kinetics, ATP Nutrition, Tempe, AZ) treatment 30 min prior to each session. Testing was separated by one week and consisted of the following: vertical jump, medicine ball chest pass, and one set of back squat and bench press to failure with 70% 1RM. Subjects were instructed to perform squat and bench press repetitions at maximal velocity. A linear transducer was used to measure mean power during the squat and bench press, and quality repetitions were recorded as repetitions performed at or above 90% mean power. Statistical analyses were performed using separate repeated measures ANOVAs with an alpha level of p ≤ .05.

Results
There were no significant differences between conditions for vertical jump (P

Conclusions
The preliminary results of this study do not seem to suggest a strong synergistic effect between the ingredients in a PWOS. However, these results should be interpreted with caution, as the current sample size is small and when compared to placebo, a large (d=0.875) effect size was found for quality squat repetitions in the PWOS condition. Our preliminary results do not discount the possibility that a PWOS may be more ergogenic than a matched dose of caffeine, but rather support the need for ongoing data collection.

Background
Foam rolling is used by athletes and the general population to improve range of motion (ROM) and ease pain associated with delayed onset muscle soreness. While several studies have documented acute increases in ROM using foam rolling, only one chronic study has been conducted, with similar increases between foam rolling and PNF stretching. The acute and chronic effects of static stretching on ROM have been studied extensively, however, traditional static stretching and foam rolling have not yet been directly compared. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of 6 weeks of static stretching and foam rolling, separately and combined, on ankle dorsiflexion ROM.

Materials and methods
Forty-one participants completed two sessions per week for a total of six weeks, with each session separated by at least 48 hours.
Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three training groups (Static Stretching (n = 16), Foam Rolling (n = 14), and a combination of both (n = 11). A metronome was used to control speed of the foam rolling. After thirty seconds of foam rolling, the participants switched leg positions and foam rolled the opposite leg. A total of three sets of 30 seconds of foam rolling was performed on each leg. Three dorsi-flexion ROM measurements were taken on the dominant leg, both before and following the first session (acute) and last session (chronic) with the largest measurement recorded for analysis. Repeated measures ANOVA with a between-subjects effect was used to assess statistical differences across time in ROM. Paired t-tests with a Bonferroni adjustment was used as a post-hoc analysis. The alpha level was set to 0.05.

Results
There were no differences in ROM acutely. ROM significantly increased chronically (p<.001). In the present study, we observed a 3.5%, a 4.7% and a 4.3% acute increase in ROM for static stretching, foam rolling, and foam rolling combined with static stretching, respectively, after training; however, there were no differences between groups.
Conclusions Foam rolling appears to be just as effective as static stretching in terms of increasing ROM in the healthy, young adult population after 6 weeks of training. Given that the neurological effects of static stretching and foam rolling are transient, and adaptations in this study may have been dissipated following 4 days of recovery between weekly sessions, future investigations should study the effects of more frequent foam rolling on ROM.

Introduction
Chronic beta-alanine (BA) supplementation has been shown to increase the intramuscular H + buffer carnosine, and several studies suggest BA enhances the muscular performance and hypertrophy outcomes associated with resistance training. Blood flow restriction resistance training (BFR) relies on glycolytic metabolism, and has also been shown to promote hypertrophic outcomes, potentially through the generation of metabolic byproducts (i.e.: lactate, H + ions). Theoretically, a greater glycolytic flux during BFR as a result of elevated intramuscular carnosine should result in greater mechanical work and metabolic byproducts, thereby accentuating hypertrophy following BFR training. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction between BA supplementation and BFR training.

Methods
Untrained male subjects (n=20, 22.2±2.9 years, 174.5±0.5 cm, 70.0 ±8.2 kg) were randomly divided into a placebo or BA (4.8 g/day) group in a double-blind fashion. Subjects trained each arm with either a BFR (3-4 sets of 15-30 repetitions at 30% 1RM) or traditional (3-4 sets of 10-12 repetitions at 70% 1RM) arm flexion protocol on separate days twice weekly for 6 weeks. Protocol assignment was done randomly to ensure an equal distribution between dominant and non-dominant arms between protocols. Arm flexion 1RM and muscle thickness (B-mode ultrasound) were measured pre-and posttrial. A mixed factorial ANOVA with repeated measures was used to compare within subjects (BFR vs. traditional), between groups (BA vs. placebo), across time (pre-vs. post-testing), and to assess for any conditions x group x time interactions with an alpha of p ≤ .05.

Results
There were no significant differences between groups or conditions at baseline. 1RM increased across time and significantly (p<.001) greater increases in 1RM were found for traditional compared to BFR training with no differences between supplement groups. Muscle thickness also increased across time, with significantly (p=.003) greater increases in the BFR compared to traditional protocols (9.0 ±6.4 vs. 5.3±4.4 %), but again without differences between supplement groups.

Conclusions
The main findings of this study were that arm flexion BFR training induced significantly greater hypertrophic outcomes compared to traditional resistance training, and BA supplementation did not accentuate these results in either training condition. We were unable to measure lactate or blood pH, and therefore future research is necessary to investigate how BA effects the metabolic response to BFR training. Future research using this unilateral design should also investigate the interaction between BA and BFR training in the larger, lower body musculature. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to identify the discrepancies that exist in female collegiate athletes between their perceived energy and macronutrient needs and their perceived intake, and 2) to identify the differences between perceived intake and actual intake of energy and macronutrients.

Materials and methods
Eighteen female NCAA Division II lacrosse players (169.5 ± 6.3 cm; 68.9 ± 10.3 kg; 26.7 ± 3.1 % fat) completed a 4-day monitoring period during in-season competition. Over four consecutive days, athletes were outfitted with a combined heart rate and activity monitor (Acti-Heart, CamNTech) to assess total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and completed four-day food and fluid records to assess dietary intake. Dietary intake was self-reported using a commercially available food tracking program (MyFitnessPal©, USA). Daily average values were calculated for total and relative energy, protein, carbohydrate, and fat intake. In addition, each athlete recorded their perceived nutrient needs and their perceived nutrient intake over the collection period. Due to widespread lack of normality found within the perceived data, Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests were used to assess differences between perceived needs and perceived intake as well as between perceived intake and actual intake.

Results
As seen in Table 1, widespread variability existed within the perceived needs and intake data resulting in large deviations from normality. Significant differences between the perceived needs and perceived intakes were for absolute CHO, relative CHO, absolute fat, and relative fat while significant differences between perceived intake and actual intake were found for relative protein, absolute fat, and relative fat. All perceived needs, perceived intake and actual dietary intake data is provided in Table 1.

Conclusions
When examining athletes' perceptions of their energy and macronutrient needs as well as their perceived intake against their actual intake, widespread discrepancies are found. In particular, perceptions associated with how much dietary carbohydrate and fat is needed and how much is consumed displayed massive standard deviations and impressive ranges suggesting that some athletes lack even a basic understanding of their daily needs. Moreover, female lacrosse athletes perceived their needs for protein to be less than what they are actually consuming. On a positive note, athletes seem to have a better grasp of the amount of calories needed in their diet. Results from this data suggest that collegiate athletes lack appropriate understanding of basic nutrition needs and could benefit from basic nutrition education as it pertains to their health and performance.

A61
The relationship between absolute and relative lean mass with cardiometabolic outcomes Katie R. Hirsch 1,2 , Kara C. Background TeaCrine® is the synthetic version of naturally occurring theacrine (1, 3, 7, 9-tetramethyluric acid) found in the leaves of the Camellia kucha tea plants. Data exist on the effects of TeaCrine® on cognitive function, but no research exists examining its effects on exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of TeaCrine® on muscular strength and muscular endurance performance in resistance-trained men compared to caffeine, a combination of Teacrine® + caffeine, and a placebo.

Materials and methods
Twelve resistance trained men (age: 23 ± 3 years; height: 176.5 ± 5.9 cm, weight: 83.2 ± 7.2 kg) participated in this study. Each participant performed (in order) one repetition maximum (1RM) bench press, 1RM squat, bench press repetitions (reps) to failure (RTF) at 70% 1RM, squat RTF at 70% 1RM, and 2-km rowing time trial after the consumption of (in random order): (1) Caffeine 300 mg (CAF300); (2) TeaCrine® 300 mg (TEA300); (3) TeaCrine® + Caffeine combo (150 mg/150 mg) (COMBO); (4) Placebo 300 mg (PLA). Power and velocity were measured using a TENDO power analyzer. Visual analog scales for energy, focus, motivation to exercise, and fatigue were administered at baseline and 90 min post-treatment ingestion. Rating of perceived exertion was assessed after bench press and squat RTF. Magnitude-based inferences were utilized to examine performance effects in 1RM and RTF for bench press and squat. Performance and perceptual data were assessed using null hypothesis testing using SPSS. Data are presented as mean ± SD (ES: effect size).

Conclusion
In resistance-trained men, CAFF300, TEA300 and COMBO had no significant effect on 1RM, RTF, power or velocity in the bench press and squat. CAFF300 improved focus, energy and motivation to exercise while TEA300, COMBO, and PLA did not.

Background
Bone mineral density (BMD) may indicate an athlete's risk of bone injury or predisposition to osteopenia and/or osteoporosis, which is especially important for females. Assessing sport-specific differences in BMD may provide insight about risk for bone-related injury, leading to more targeted nutritional and resistance training interventions.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate sport-specific BMD and the prevalence of low BMD in Division I female athletes. Secondary analyses investigated the association of BMD with body composition. 3 sets x 65% max, 60-sec rest between sets]), 7.5 km time trial, perceived recovery (VAS) and clinical blood chemistries were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of supplementation and training. Subjects were required to maintain their normal dietary habits and follow a specific, progressive overload resistancetraining program (4-d/wk, upper body/lower body split). Data were analyzed via ANOVA/ANCOVA and statistical significance was set a priori at p≤0.05.

Conclusions
These preliminary data indicate that S500 administration augments performance adaptations to training in recreationally active men. Future studies are needed to confirm and clarify these results.

A65
The acute effects of rugby competition on cognitive function-a pilot study The nature of rugby competition inherently stresses the body and brain through long duration and high intensity exercise, which has been shown to induce temporary hypoxemia [1]. Furthermore, rugby is a game fraught with repetitive minor head collisions [2]. Reduced oxygen availability [3] and acute head trauma [2] have been shown to affect critical thinking and decision making. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate if rugby effects cognition immediately after a collegiate club rugby match.

Materials and methods
Twelve male club rugby players (mean ± SD: 20.8 ± 1.1yrs, 181.0 ± 6.9cm, 90.0 ± 11.1kg, 322.5 ± 96.7min slept, 46.7 ± 15.0min played) were used to evaluate the effect of a rugby match on critical thinking and decision making. Prior to testing, all participants attended a familiarization session to obtain informed consent and to introduce the Stroop Test (ST) electronic application and testing protocol. Prior to all testing, demographic information was measured. Pre-test guidelines asked that participants refrain from alcohol, nicotine (tobacco or vaping), caffeine and other stimulants/depressants for a minimum of 24 hours prior to the competition. Participants completed the ST with an electronic device on the field prior to a club rugby match and then again immediately after exiting the game. Exclusion criteria consisted of players who violated pre-test guidelines, testing protocol, and/or played <30min of the match. Paired t-tests were used to compare the pre/post ST results. Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Results
Paired t-tests revealed a significant reduction (p < 0.005) in pre and post ST indicating a decrement in cognitive function (PRE: 20.6 ± 9.4; POST: 14.8 ± 6.9). Participants that played ≥30min experienced a 16.4% decrease in cognitive function.

Conclusion
Results show that rugby competition negatively impacted cognitive function in collegiate club rugby athletes. The high intensity [1] and sustained duration of rugby competition can perpetuate a repetitive hypoxemic state in addition to the subconcussive head trauma experienced regularly by rugby athletes [2], which can negatively affect cognition. Further research is warranted to better understand the negative effects the sport of rugby has on hierarchal brain function and how to better protect athletes during high risk athletic competitions.

Background
To observe the effect of low-dose creatine supplementation and high-intensity exercise on cognitive function in recreationally trained college aged males. Kg) volunteered to participate in this study. All participants were requested to refrain from caffeine intake for 12 hours and eating 4 hours prior to testing. RMR was measured in one 45 minute, crossover design session with three randomly assigned 15 minute measurement periods where individuals either relaxed with no external stimulation, were allowed to play a self-selected playlist of music, or were allowed to use technology for light functions-reading social media or testing, but no applications involving sound. VO 2 and heart rate were measured for 15 minutes with the first 5 minutes of each treatment segment discarded and the remaining 10 minutes analyzed. Outcomes were measured in SPSS utilizing a repeated measures ANOVA.

Results
The repeated measures ANOVA determined there were no significant differences observed for any of the treatment conditions for RMR (F(1.489,0.179)=0.948, p=0.395). No significant differences were seen for heart rate (F(1.787, 28.291)=2.588, p=0.098) between the three testing conditions either.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that self-selected music or light smart phone usage do not alter RMR in college aged women. The common practice of isolating or restricting individuals from external stimuli during testing may not be necessary to obtain a true RMR.

Background
Heart rate variability (HRV) has gained popularity due to its feasibility in monitoring autonomic nervous system activity. During exercise, HRV threshold (HRVT) may signify vagal withdrawal while coinciding with the first ventilatory threshold. Among time domain methods to analyze HRVT, the standard deviation of normal R-R intervals (SDNN) and the root mean square of successive differences of R-R intervals (RMSSD) are the most common in the literature, while non-linear analysis of Poincaré plots and standard deviation 1 (SD1) has also been employed. Normobaric hypoxia has been successfully utilized as a method to validate the sensitivity of HRVT and other fatigue thresholds during lower-body aerobic exercise. However, HRVT response during upper-body exercise has yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of HRVT during a graded exercise test (GXT) utilizing arm ergometry under hypoxic and normoxic conditions.

Background
The broad jump drill can be used as a measurement for numerous athletic qualities, such as leg power and strength, as well as balance.
These certain variables have been demonstrated to improve with training that consists of speed, agility, plyometric, and resistive type work. This study's purpose was to determine the effect of a 6-week NFL combine-preparation training program on broad jump performance, specifically changes in peak power, peak force, peak rate of force development, peak velocity, and acceleration.

Methods
Seventeen collegiate football players (21.4 ± 1.1 yrs, 185.7 ± 5.6 cm, 97.6 ± 13.8 kg) participated in a 6-week NFL Combine/Pro Day training program. The training program consisted of a traditional and assisted/resisted speed training regimen, agility and reaction drills, as well as resistance and plyometric training four days per week; split by one aquatic recovery day weekly. Baseline (PRE) and after 6-weeks of training (POST) values of peak power, peak force, peak rate of force development [peak RFD], peak velocity, and acceleration were obtained with a 1080 sprint kinetics device. The statistical analysis consisted of paired-samples T-tests of these PRE and POST values to determine if changes were significant (p ≤ 0.05).

Background
The 40yd sprint for time is a test commonly included in the NFL Combine and Pro Days, used to evaluate the potential of NFL draft candidates. Examining and improving bilateral performance differences at various stages of the sprint (i.e., first five strides, start to peak velocity, and total sprint) may improve acceleration to peak velocity, maximal sprint velocity, total sprint time, and reduce the occurrence of injuries. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a 6-week NFL draft preparation-training program on bilateral performance and sprint kinetics for the 40yd sprint.

Methods
Fifteen collegiate football players (physical characteristics: 21.5 ± 1.1 yrs; 186.1 ± 5.8 cm; 97.2 ± 14.7 kg) were included in this study. All participants reported to a sports performance facility to engage in a comprehensive, 6-week training program (TP) intended to improve a broad range of performance and skill-related tasks specific to NFL Draft testing. The TP consisted of four weekly sessions of resistance training (RT) and plyometric training, traditional and resisted/assisted speed, agility, and reaction training. Participants attended a pool recovery session once per week. RT sessions consisted of loads corresponding to a 5-12 repetition maximum. Values for sprint kinetics (peak velocity, peak power, distance, time, average force, average power) were collected from the first five strides (5S), start to peak velocity (SPV), and total sprint (TS) on a 1080 sprint device. All testing of bilateral 40yd sprint performance occurred at baseline and 6-weeks post.

Conclusion
These data indicate that following a 6-week NFL Draft training program, participants demonstrated an improved equalization of leg contribution across a 40yd sprint. Background Methylliberine (1,7,9-tetramethyluric acid; Dynamine™) is a derivative of caffeine that naturally occurs in kucha tea, many species of Coffae, and the cupuacu fruit. Theacrine (TeaCrine ® ) and Dynamine™ are isomers commonly found in energy supplements. TeaCrine has previously been shown to enhance feelings of energy, cognition, and exercise performance. However, to date, there are no published human safety data available on Dynamine. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of four weeks of continuous use of Dynamine with and without TeaCrine on changes in heart rhythm (electrocardiogram; ECG), resting heart rate (RHR), blood pressure (BP), and psychometric parameters (PP).

Materials and methods
Twenty-four college aged men (n=13) and women (n=11) were randomly assigned to one of five groups: low dose Dynamine (100mg), high dose Dynamine (150mg), low dose Dynamine with TeaCrine (100mg Dynamine + 50mg TeaCrine), high dose Dynamine with Tea-Crine (150mg Dynamine + 25mg TeaCrine), and placebo (125mg Maltodextrin). Participants were then assessed for baseline ECG, RHR, BP and PP (energy, feeling of productivity, alertness, desensitization, motivation to do physical tasks, motivation to do mental tasks, and perceived level of focus) using visual analogue scales (VAS; 1-10 scale) every 30 minutes until 120 after the first dosage. Following the initial assessment, participants were instructed to take their supplement upon waking with approximately 12oz of water for four consecutive weeks. VAS were assessed one and two weeks post initial measures. After the four weeks of supplementation participants returned to repeat the initial measures.

Results
No group × time interactions were noted for RHR, BP, and PP. Main effects for time were noted for corrected QT interval (p = 0.016) pre to post four week supplementation, as well as R to R and P to P intervals pre to 60 min post at both visits (p = 0.001). Main effects for time were noted for increases in energy (p < 0.001), alertness (p ≤ 0.013), productivity (p ≤ 0.03), and motivation to perform mental tasks (p ≤ 0.028) for all time points assessed compared to presupplementation. No adverse events were reported in participants that completed the investigation.

Conclusion
These preliminary data suggest that Dynamine alone or in combination with TeaCrine does not significantly affect heart rhythm, RHR, BP, or PP following acute or chronic supplementation at the dosages used in this study. We will expand this investigation to an additional 100 participants. .7 kg/m 2 ) participated in an un-blinded, randomized, counterbalanced, cross-over trial. Participants donated fasting venous blood samples and completed a Readiness to Perform (RTP) and Eating Satisfaction (ES) surveys prior to ingesting a FB (Fitjoy™) containing 20 g of a whey protein blend and 25 g of isomalto-oligosaccharides plant fiber (VitaFiber™, 13 g fiber, 4 g sugar) and 7g fat (1.5 g saturated) or 25 g of dextrose gel placebo (PLA). Thirty minutes after ingesting the FB or PLA, participants performed a resistance training workout (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% 1RM on 11 exercises) followed by sprint condition drills (3 x 40 yd and 3 x Nebraska drills). Midway and following exercise, participants again ingested the FB or PLA. Glucose was determined via finger sticks pre-ingestion, pre-exercise, midwayexercise, post-exercise, post-sprint, and post-isokinetic testing. Venous blood samples and RTP and ES surveys were obtained midway and post-exercise. Data were analyzed by general linear model (GLM) repeated measures multivariate and univariate statistics and are presented as mean [95% CI] changes from baseline and effect sizes as partial eta-squared (n 2 , 0.01 = small, 0.06 = medium, 0.13 = large).

Results
Glucose was significantly greater (+25%) following 30-min post ingestion in the PLA compared to FB trial (151. 5  Participants also reported significantly greater satisfaction from food, feeling of fullness, and amount of energy with less feelings of hunger with FB. No significant differences over time or between treatments were observed in ratings of symptoms of hypoglycemia, or perceptions to RTP questionnaires.

Conclusions
The FB examined in this study better maintained glucose responses during an intense bout of resistance exercise and sprint conditioning with a similar insulin response suggesting that ingestion of this FB around exercise can serve as a good food choice.

A74
Short-term effects of a ingesting a food bar containing whey protein and isomalto-oligosaccharides on performance outcomes and recovery from an acute resistance-exercise bout and sprint conditioning Tyler J .

Conclusions
Participants ingesting the FB exhibited lowered muscle soreness compared to a PLA, better maintained NAD repeated sprint ability, and better leg press performance. It appears this whey protein bar could serve as an advantageous pre-exercise food choice compared to a matched carbohydrate alone.

Background
The purpose of this study was to compare calculated ISSN recommendations for daily energy and macronutrient intake to the actual in-season dietary intake of female Lacrosse players.

Materials and methods
Twenty-two female NCAA Division II Lacrosse players (169.9 ± 6.2 cm; 69.7 ± 10.2 kg; 27.3 ± 3.3 % body fat) completed a 4-day monitoring period during in-season competition. Athletes were outfitted with a combined heart rate and activity monitor over four consecutive days and completed four-day food and fluid records to assess total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and dietary intake. Participants were also assessed for body composition which was used to calculate recommended intake values and total daily energy expenditure. Dietary intake was self-reported using a commercially available food tracking program (MyFitnessPal©, USA). Daily average values were calculated for total and relative energy, protein, carbohydrate, and fat intake. These values were then compared to nutritional recommendations put forth by the ISSN for team sport athletes undergoing a similar level of training, which equated to recommended values of 65 kilocalories per kilogram of body weight per day (kg/d), 6.5 g/kg/d, and 1.8 g/kg/d for total energy, carbohydrates and protein, respectively. Recommendations for energy intake were also compared to measured TDEE from activity monitors. A recommended fat intake equating to 30% of the recommended energy intake was used. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare differences between calculated recommended values and actual intake.

Results
Significant differences for all energy and macronutrient recommendations were observed (p<0.001) when compared to actual intakes. These differences were present for both total and relative daily values. For energy and all macronutrient recommendations, athletes consumed well below the recommendations as outlined in Table 1.

Conclusions
Athletes tended to under consume for both energy and macronutrient content when compared to the ISSN Recommendations, based on their body size and level of training. However, when daily energy intake was compared the measured TDEE, the measured TDEE was far below the ISSN recommendation and subsequently the magnitude of daily energy deficiency was reduced. Therefore, it is possible the energy recommendation of 65 kcal/kg/day is too high for Division II female Lacrosse players in-season. Smaller institutions frequently do not have the resources to hire full-time nutritional staff; therefore, it may be beneficial for coaches to offer a nutritioneducation program to ensure their players are meeting the energy requirements for their body size and level of training.

Methods
Twenty apparently healthy participants (50% female; BMI <24.9 kg/ m2) participated in an un-blinded, randomized, cross-over trial. Participants donated a 10-h fasted blood sample prior to ingestion of their respective treatments. Additional blood samples were taken at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 240-min post-ingestion. Glucose and Insulin AUC were analyzed via a univariate general linear model (GLM) for treatment, treatment order, adjusted for sex and respective 0-min measures of glucose and insulin, as no sex-by-treatment effects were observed. A repeated measure GLM with the same adjustments was used to assess individual time point blood values. Data are mean ± SD, mean change (95% CI) and effect sizes as partial eta-squared (n 2 , 0.01 = small, 0.06 = medium, 0.13 = large).

Conclusions
The estimated glycemic load of the Bar examined in this study ranges from 3.84-8.39 and exhibits a 25.3% lower glycemic response, but similar insulin response, compared to a dextrose PLA.

Background
This study examined the effects of short-term ingestion of a readyto-drink pre-workout supplement (RTD) on blood chemistry responses and self-reported side effects.

Methods
Resistance-trained participants (n=25) ingested in a randomized, double-blind, crossover manner a: (1) Dextrose placebo (PLA, 12g) and, (2) RTD containing caffeine (200mg), β-alanine (2.1g), niacin (65mg), folic acid (325mcg), Vitamin B12 (45mcg), and arginine nitrate (1.3g) in a randomized, crossover manner for 7-d, interspersed by 7d washout. Fasting 8h blood samples were assessed for plasma nitrate, whole blood counts, liver, kidney, and muscle function, and a metabolic panel. A side effects questionnaire was obtained twice on each testing day (Days 1, 2, 6, and 7). Data were analyzed by MAN-OVA adjusted for sex and relative caffeine dose and presented as mean change from baseline (95% CI). The frequency of side effects and blood chemistry changes from baseline were analyzed using Pearson's Chi Square analysis.

Results
Plasma nitrate concentration increased from Day 1 to Day 7 in the RTD treatment (0.06, 95% CI, 0.003, 0.124 μM) with no change in PLA (0.02, 95% CI, -0.05, 0.08 μM). No significant overall statistical effects were observed for remaining blood chemistry markers. Chi Square analysis of blood chemistry changes from Day 1 to Day 7 did not reveal any significant change from baseline with the exception of nitrates. No overall effects were observed in severity of side effect (p=0.42). As expected with β-alanine ingestion, participants consuming the RTD tended to report skin tingling or paresthesia (p=0.07). Data are mean±SD. n=26