Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo

Background A paleolithic diet aims at mimicking the type of foods that huntergatherers would have most likely consumed. While the adoption and popularity of a paleolithic diet has raised among the general population and fitness communities, there has been little research documenting its effect on general fitness (max strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance) and body composition. The purpose of this randomized controlled study was to study the effects of adopting a paleolithic diet (PD) on general fitness performance and body composition in an active population. Methods Nineteen (mean ± SD age = 20.89 ± 2.07) physically active males (n = 13) males and females (n = 6) volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups: a paleolithic group (PG) (males, n = 8; females, n = 3) and control group (males, n = 5; females, n = 3). Both groups underwent a pre fitness and body composition assessment. This assessment included height, weight, blood pressure (BP), body fat percentage, one repetition maximum (1RM) back squat, 1RM bench press, push up test to failure (PUT), and a Vo2 max test (1.5 mile run). The PG was then instructed to follow a PD for three weeks. This eliminated grains, dairy, and processed food from their normal diet. The control group maintained their normal diet. Both groups were instructed to continue their normal exercise program (exercising ≥3x a week). After three weeks, both groups underwent a post-test consisting of the same initial assessments. A paired sample t-test was used to investigate statistically significant differences between the pre and post-tests for the experimental and control group. Results For the experimental group, mean weight decreased significantly by 3.27lbs (P < .05) and systolic BP by 7.46 (P < .043). Mean PUT increased by 7.36 (P < .001). The only significant variable in the control group was a mean increase in PUT by 3 (P < .03). Conclusion This short intervention did find some favorable effect consuming a Paleolithic Diet. A PD may be an effective means at reducing weight, decreasing systolic blood pressure, while maintaining physical fitness in active populations.


Background
A paleolithic diet aims at mimicking the type of foods that huntergatherers would have most likely consumed. While the adoption and popularity of a paleolithic diet has raised among the general population and fitness communities, there has been little research documenting its effect on general fitness (max strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance) and body composition. The purpose of this randomized controlled study was to study the effects of adopting a paleolithic diet (PD) on general fitness performance and body composition in an active population. Methods Nineteen (mean ± SD age = 20.89 ± 2.07) physically active males (n = 13) males and females (n = 6) volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups: a paleolithic group (PG) (males, n = 8; females, n = 3) and control group (males, n = 5; females, n = 3). Both groups underwent a pre fitness and body composition assessment. This assessment included height, weight, blood pressure (BP), body fat percentage, one repetition maximum (1RM) back squat, 1RM bench press, push up test to failure (PUT), and a Vo2 max test (1.5 mile run). The PG was then instructed to follow a PD for three weeks. This eliminated grains, dairy, and processed food from their normal diet. The control group maintained their normal diet. Both groups were instructed to continue their normal exercise program (exercising ≥3x a week). After three weeks, both groups underwent a post-test consisting of the same initial assessments. A paired sample t-test was used to investigate statistically significant differences between the pre and post-tests for the experimental and control group.

Results
For the experimental group, mean weight decreased significantly by 3.27lbs (P < .05) and systolic BP by 7.46 (P < .043). Mean PUT increased by 7.36 (P < .001). The only significant variable in the control group was a mean increase in PUT by 3 (P < .03). Conclusion This short intervention did find some favorable effect consuming a Paleolithic Diet. A PD may be an effective means at reducing weight, decreasing systolic blood pressure, while maintaining physical fitness in active populations. Background A recent literature review [1] identified that many previous older studies have reported deficiencies in intakes of several micronutrients in bodybuilders Notably, a new "flexible" dieting strategy, popularly known as "if it fits your macros" or "IIFYM," has recently become widespread. In contrast to restriction-based dieting, IIFYM instead focuses on monitoring individual macronutrient intake, with less regard for the specific foods consumed. The purpose of this study was to assess selected micronutrient intakes of male competitive bodybuilders and to compare the intakes of those who follow flexible dieting and strict dieting regimens. Methods Subjects for this study were male competitive bodybuilders, recruited online via social media outlets. The Diet History Questionnaire, Version 2.0 (DHQ-II) [2], a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), was used for this study to assess micronutrient intakes. A pooled t-test was used to test whether flexible dieters and strict dieters consume, on average, the same mean amount of each micronutrient, with α being significant at p < 0.05.

Results
Thirty individuals were included in the final analyses, of which 14 followed flexible dieting and 16 followed strict dieting. Ages ranged from 20 to 50 years old, with a mean age of 29.1 years (SD = 6.9). Subjects consumed an average of 2577.2 (SD = 955.1) kilocalories, with an average fat intake of 83.6 g (SD = 41.3), an average carbohydrate intake of 324.4 g (SD = 105.2), and an average protein intake of 163.4 (SD = 70.4). Of the vitamins and minerals assessed in this study, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and potassium were consumed at levels below the RDA. In addition, dietary fiber intake was below current recommendations. Nutrient data for all subjects are summarized in Table 1. There were no significant differences between male flexible and strict dieting bodybuilders when mean nutrient intakes were compared. However, in the strict dieting group, average intakes were higher for all nutrients, and a greater proportion of individuals met the RDA/AI. Table 2 highlights the differences in nutrient consumption between the two groups.

Conclusions
Based on the results of this study, male competitive bodybuilders may need to pay more attention to their intakes of certain micronutrients. Vitamins A, D, and E, and dietary fiber were all consumed below recommended amounts. Vitamins A and E are both important antioxidants, vitamin D has been associated with muscle strength [3], and dietary fiber can increase satiety, regulate blood glucose, and is inversely associated with body fat [4]. While there were no large differences between the nutrient intakes of males who follow flexible dieting compared to strict dieting, the greater proportion of individuals in the flexible dieting group who were not meeting the RDA for several nutrients suggests that this group should especially take their micronutrition into greater consideration.

Background
Recent studies have suggested that alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine (A-GPC) may be an effective ergogenic aid that can provide cognitive benefit. A-GPC has been shown to enhance acetylcholine levels and can cross the blood brain barrier. Increasing CNS acetylcholine can affect dopamine levels, which can in turn affect other hormones such as Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The present study was designed to assess the efficacy of two doses of A-GPC in comparison to placebo for decreasing thyroid stimulating hormone, a signal of increased dopamine. Methods Forty-eight healthy, college aged males volunteered for the present study and underwent baseline assessment of fitness. Following this assessment participants were randomly assigned to groups consisting of 500 mg A-GPC, 250 mg A-GPC, or Placebo who reported back to the lab in the morning hours (0700) in a fasted state. Blood samples were collected 1 hour and 2 hours post dosing. Serum free choline and thyroid stimulating hormone were analyzed via commercially available ELISA assays.

Results
Serum free choline was found to be elevated in the two A-GPC groups as compared to placebo (132% and 59% respectively). Serum TSH was found to be significantly depressed in the 500 mg A-GPC group compared to other treatments (p < 0.04).   Background The popularity of pre workout supplements to help increase performance has increased in both recreational as well as professional athletes in the past few years. It is unclear whether caffeine alone or a combination of caffeine with other ingredients do indeed have an ergogenic effect. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the acute effects of consuming a preworkout supplement on indices of muscular strength, endurance and mood states. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design was utilized in this investigation.

Methods
Fourteen moderate to highly-trained recreational athletes (7 female, 7 male) participated in this investigation (Table 3). Their body composition was assessed via the DEXA (Hologic Model Horizon W). Subjects came to the lab twice with at least 7 days between testing sessions. The consumption of product or placebo was randomized. They arrived at the lab 3 hours fasted with no prior exercise that day. Subsequently, they consumed the supplement or placebo (mixed with 8-12 ounces of water) 30 minutes prior to testing. The preworkout supplement (Athelite Nutrition Inc.) contained 15.62 grams per serving, 25 kcals, that consisted of a proprietary blend including caffeine (as green coffee bean extract), L-theanine, black pepper extract, micronized creatine monohydrate, CarnoSyn® beta-alanine, Huperzine A, N-Acetyl L-carnitine, Nitrosigine®), or placebo. The placebo was a similar tasting drink with an equal amount of caffeine. Participants' mood was also assessed via a profile mood states questionnaire (POMS) 30 minutes after product or placebo was consumed. After taking the POMS questionnaire, subjects had their exercise performance assessed via the 1-RM bench press followed by bench press repetitions to failure at 60% of 1-RM with 30 seconds rest between sets (3 total sets).

Results
There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the supplement and placebo for the number of repetitions to failure as well as total weight lifted (Table 4). However, there were no differences for any of the other parameters measured (Table 5).

Conclusion
The results demonstrated that the acute consumption of a preworkout supplement can enhance muscular endurance; however, it has no effect on strength or mood states.

Background
The co-ingestion BCAA's with a carbohydrate drink has shown to synergistically promote hyperinsulinemia and reduce blood glucose. Particularly, L-Leucine (LEU) directly and indirectly facilitates pancreatic insulin (INS) secretion through gut hormone (incretin) responses; however, L-Isoleucine (ISO) has not shown the same result. Though not fully understood, amino acids may independently stimulate release of gut (incretin) hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucosedependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). GLP-1 and GIP are suggested to be 50-70% responsible for regulating insulin secretion after oral glucose ingestion. However, it is unknown how LEU and ISO independently or synergistically stimulate incretin hormones. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the independent and combined effects of ISO and LEU on incretin (GLP-1, GIP) responses and subsequently their associations with glucose (GLU), C-peptide (CP), INS, and glucagon (GCG) concentrations in healthy, inactive adults. Methods 12-healthy, inactive adults (Mean ± SEM; 6 M/F; age 27.4 ± 2.0 y; lean body mass (LBM) 48.6 ± 4.67 kg; body fat 34.1 ± 2.96%) completed 4trials in a randomized, single-blinded fashion: A standardized ingestion to 0.3 g·kg -1 ·LBM -1 ; 12-17 g; 1) ISO; 2) LEU; 3) equal combination of ISO + LEU; and 4) placebo (PLA, 3.5 g inert stevia). Venous samples were taken at baseline, 6, 10, and 30 min for the analysis of dependent variables GIP Total , GLP-1 Active , CP, INS, and GCG (quantified via MAGPIX) and GLU (YSI 2900). A 2-way (treatment x time) RMANOVA compared the incremental change (Δ) and where appropriate, a Pearson's r to express relationships for GLU, GIP Total , GLP-1 Active , CP, INS, and GCG.

Results
Analysis (Mean ± SEM) revealed that each treatment reduced GLU by Δ 3.8 mg/dl (main effect for treatment; p < 0.001) compared to PLA. INS and CP were not affected by any treatment. ISO + LEU, ISO, LEU increased GCG compared to PLA condition by Δ 9 ng/l at 30 min (time x treatment interaction; p = 0.04). The incretin GLP-1 Active was unaffected by any treatment; however, ISO compared to LEU and PLA treatment increased peak GIP Total by Δ 3 pmol/l at 30 min (p = > 0.0002). No association was found between GIP Total and INS during ISO treatment (r = 0.27, r 2 = 0.07, p = 0.42).

Conclusion
Overall, ISO and LEU induced a slight glucose reduction concurrent with a counter regulatory rise in GCG. Because we found no treatment effect by these amino acids on CP, INS, and GLP-1 Active concentrations, this data indicates that ISO and LEU may induce glucose uptake independent of insulin and GLP-1 Active responses. Additionally, no relationship was found between ISO induced GIP Total and INS. This data support the concept that BCAA's ISO and LEU may influence glucose uptake independent of glycemic hormones; however, this suggestion requires more rigorous investigation.

Background
The purpose of this placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study was to determine the effects of acute oral ingestion of nutritional supplements containing either placebo or Bang® Pre-Workout Master Blaster TM on exercise performance, serum hormone responses, and clinical safety markers in males.

Methods
Ten resistance-trained males participated in two exercise testing sessions consisting of the vertical jump (VJ), seated medicine ball throw (SMBT), and local muscular endurance tests for the bench press (BP) and leg extension (LE) exercises at 70% of one-repetition maximum. Participants consumed placebo (Fibersol-2) or Bang® approximately 30 minutes prior to performing each exercise session. Venous blood samples were obtained at baseline (BL), 30 minutes post-supplement (30PS), and 30 minutes post-exercise (30PX). Data were analyzed with paired t-tests or separate 2x3 (trial x time) within-within ANOVA (p < 0.05).

Methods
We assessed the body weight, serum free and total testosterone levels in male rats (200-230 g; n = 6) over a period of 28 consecutive days. Moreover, extensive histopathological analyses were conducted on the seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis, sperm cell morphology, Leydig cells and Sertoli cells.

Results
Blamus TM didn't cause any marked elevation in serum free testosterone levels at either10 or 25 mg/kg body weight doses, however, a 50 mg/kg body weight dose of showed a significant increase in serum free testosterone level (*p < 0.0001). However, no significant increases were observed in serum total testosterone levels at 0, 10, 25 or 50 mg/kg body weight doses of Blamus TM . Extensive testicular histopathological analyses including investigations on the seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis, sperm cell morphology, Leydig cells and Sertoli cells following treatment with either 0, 10, 25or 50 mg/kg body weight doses of Blamus TM were conducted. Results demonstrated dose-dependent improvement in structural integrity. No significant changes were observed in serum SGOT, SGPT, BUN and creatinine levels following treatment with any of the above doses, which demonstrated the broad spectrum safety of Blamus TM .

Conclusion
The present study demonstrates that Blamus TM may serve as a safe and novel, natural free testosterone booster and provide broad spectrum applications in sports nutrition, muscle building and exercise pathophysiology. The protein requirement of strength-trained individuals has been debated for decades. These debates usually revolve around the disparity between the relatively slow rate of muscle tissue hypertrophy versus the disproportionate amount of dietary protein recommended to achieve the accretion of muscle tissue. One of the most accepted methods of assessing protein status is nitrogen balance. The objective of this study was to statistically analyze previously published nitrogen balance studies to find the model that best describes the relationship between protein intake and nitrogen retention, as well as to elucidate significant variable(s) affecting nitrogen retention.

Methods
Nine studies provided a total of 17 subgroups that were allotted various quantities of protein during resistance-training programs. Data were analyzed using Statistica Computer Software. Nitrogen retention was tested for correlations against 10 independent variables using multiple models. Independent variables included protein intake, energy intake, energy balance, average reported daily strength-training duration, lean body mass, and others. The level of significance was set at a value of p ≤ .05.
Results A linear regression model revealed a positive correlation between daily nitrogen intake and nitrogen retention (r = .510) which approached significance (p ≤ .06). The correlation became more pronounced (r = .698) and highly significant (p ≤ .006) once normalized for body mass between nitrogen intake/kg body weight/day and nitrogen balance/kg body weight/day. Zero balance was calculated to occur at a protein intake of 1.35 g/kg/day, and net protein utilization (NPU), equal to the slope, was 27.0%. No other correlations, including total daily training time, reached significance.

Conclusion
The greatest predictor of positive nitrogen balance in strengthtrained subjects was the amount of protein ingested/kg body weight/day. This reinforces the need to individualize protein intake recommendations based upon body weight. NPU was profoundly decreased on high-protein diets, suggesting a decrease in efficiency of amino acid utilization. The data suggest that resistance-trained persons consume greater than 1.35 g protein/kg body weight/day to optimize muscle anabolism.

P10
The effect of two different caffeinated energy drinks on resting cardiovascular responses in obese and non-obese trained adults Gabriel J. Sanders 1 , Willard Peveler 1 , Corey A. Peacock 2 , Cory Scheadler 1 1

Background
Adverse cardiovascular alterations prior to exercise may not be a wholesome indicator of a supplement aimed to enhance performance. Research is inconclusive regarding the impact of energy drinks on cardiovascular measures at rest and comparisons of weight status between energy drinks is absent in the current literature. Therefore, the purpose was to compare two market available energy drinks to a placebo drink and measure heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) at rest in obese and non-obese trained adults.

Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that nine weeks of betaine supplementation does not enhance nor hinder strength and power adaptations during periodized resistance training in previously untrained collegiate females. Differences in supplementation length (2 weeks vs. 9 weeks) or differences in methylation metabolism between genders may explain the discrepancy between the results of this study and previous studies conducted in males.

P13
Effects of 8 weeks of resistance training and L-citrulline + glutathione supplementation on body composition, muscle mass and performance, and blood clinical safety markers in resistance-trained Background Supplementation of L-citrulline combined with glutathione (GSH) in response to a single bout of resistance exercise has been shown to increase plasma nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which may play a role in muscle protein synthesis. As a result, in response to resistance training (RT) these responses may establish a role for L-citrulline + GSH to serve as an ergogenic aid.

Purpose
The primary purpose of the study was to determine the effects of an 8-week RT program in conjunction with L-citrulline + GSH, Lcitrulline-malate, or placebo supplementation on body composition and muscle performance. The secondary purpose was to assess the safety of such supplementation protocol by assessing whole blood and serum clinical chemistry markers.

Methods
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 75 resistancetrained males were randomly assigned to ingest 2 g/day of L-citrulline + 200 mg/day of GSH (CIT+GSH), 2 g/day of L-citrulline-malate (CIT), or 2 g/day of cellulose placebo (PLC) daily while also participating in 8 weeks of RT. Participants completed three testing sessions where body composition and muscle performance were assessed before and after 4 and 8 weeks of RT and supplementation. Venous blood samples were obtained before and after 8 weeks.

Results
Neither RT nor supplementation had any significant effects on total body mass, total body water, fat mass, muscular strength and endurance, or any of the blood clinical chemistry variables (p > 0.05). However, lean mass increased in both GSH+CIT and CIT compared to PLC, but the increase for GSH+CIT was significantly greater from only PLC after 4 weeks (p < 0.05); however, no further increase existed after 8 weeks (p > 0.05).

Conclusions
The supplementation of L-citrulline with GSH during resistance training increases lean mass compared to placebo in resistance-trained males.

Background
The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term effects of ingesting L-Carnitine supplement on exercise performance and blood lactate levels.

Method
In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind design, 35 male participants (age = 25 ± 2 y; stature = 171 ± 6 cm; body mass = 79.8 ± 8.9 kg; percent body fat = 16.1 ± 5.53%; Control [CON] n = 12, Placebo [PLA] n = 11, L-carnitine [LCR] n = 12) participated in the study. Primary outcomes were total body strength performance, anaerobic performance, and pre-and post-exercise (minutes three, fifteen, and thirty) blood lactate (BL) levels which were measured at baseline and at weeks 3, 6, and 9. All participants were asked to maintain their normal dietary intake during the study period. Participants in both PLA and LCR groups were required to follow a specific resistance training program (4 d/wk, upper body/lower body split) as well as oral ingestion of either PLA or LCR (2 g/day -1 ) for a 9-wk period, while the CON group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed by GLM and presented as mean (SD) or change (95% CI).

Conclusion
Our results indicate that LCR supplementation at the dose of 2 g/day -1 increases muscle strength, improves anaerobic performance, and attenuates the blood lactate response to resistance training.

P15
Impact of chronic l-carnitine supplementation on selected exercise-induced oxidative stress markers in resistance-trained males Majid S.

Background
To study the impact of L-carnitine supplementation on selected exercise-induced oxidative stress markers. Method Thirty-five male subjects (age = 25 ± 2 y; stature = 171 ± 6 cm; body mass = 79.8 ± 8.9 kg; percent body fat = 16.1 ± 5.53%; Control [CON] n = 12, Placebo [PLA] n = 11, L-carnitine [LCR] n = 12) took part in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Oxidative stress markers including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) which were measured at baseline and at weeks 3, 6, and 9. Subjects were required to keep their normal diet throughout the study. Participants in PLA and LCR groups followed a designed resistance training program (4 d/wk, upper body/lower body split) and the ingestion of either PLA or LCR (2 g/day -1 ) for 9 weeks, whereas the CON group received no intervention. All data were then analyzed by GLM and reported as mean (SD) or change (95% CI).

Conclusion
This study indicates that daily consumption of LCR (2 g/day -1 ) improves total antioxidant capacity, while it attenuates exerciseinduced oxidative stress makers in resistance-trained males.

Methods
The subject of this case study was a former NCAA Division II athlete who had previously competed in 4 physique competitions. At the commencement of the study, she was beginning an 18-week preparation phase prior to competing in a National Physique Committee (NPC) competition in the Figure division. Throughout the preparation phase, the athlete was closely advised by her coach, a competitive bodybuilder with 20+ years of coaching experience. The athlete meticulously tracked dietary intake, supplement use and exercise sessions. Additionally, the athlete was assessed monthly in the university research laboratories. Assessments included dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA). Body volume and total body protein were calculated using DXA output as described by Wilson et al. [1], and body composition was assessed using the 4-compartment model as described by  This was due to concomitant decreases in fat mass (12.0 kg to 7.8 kg) and increases in fat-free mass (53.3 kg to 55.2 kg). Additionally, total body protein content increased from 10.4 kg to 10.9 kg. Importantly, substantial differences in body fat percentage between DXA and 4C were observed. Throughout the first 3 months of the preparation period, DXA overestimated body fat percentage by 4.5% on average compared to the 4-compartment model.

Conclusions
Substantial body recomposition was demonstrated in a highlytrained female Figure competitor. Concomitant decreases in fat mass and increases in fat-free mass and total body protein took place over the first 3 months of contest preparation. Although DXA is viewed as a superior method of body composition assessment, it substantially overestimated body fat percentage in the observed athlete. When possible, more advanced methods of body composition assessment, such as the 4-compartment model, should be utilized in physique athletes to allow for more accurate evaluation.

Background
The very short-term resistance training (VST) model, utilizing only 2-3 training sessions, has been shown to increase muscle strength for isometric and isokinetic modalities. This model has been used to examine early phase skeletal muscle, neural, and performance adaptations as well as the efficacy of creatine supplementation to increase strength. Thus, this training model has potential implications for examining acute changes in strength and power from nutritional interventions. No previous studies, however, have applied the VST model to dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) training. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an upper body DCER exercise (barbell bench press [BP]), using the VST model on strength and barbell velocity. Methods Ten (5 females, 5 males) subjects (mean ± SD age: 21.4 ± 2.8 yrs; height: 1.75 ± 0.12 m; body mass: 83 ± 8.8 kg) with no resistance training experience within the last three months completed a familiarization visit, two pre-test visits (pre-test 1 and pre-test 2), three training visits, and one post-test visit. For pre-test 1 and pre-test 2, the subject's 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for the BP was measured as well as the mean (BP MV ) and peak (BP PV ) barbell velocities from the BP 1RM. The mean (BT MV ) and peak (BT PV ) velocities were also determined from the barbell bench press throw (BT) test, utilizing 35% of the subject's BP 1RM as resistance. The three training visits consisted of 5 sets of 6 repetitions, at 65% of the subject's 1RM, with the concentric phase of the BP performed at max barbell velocity. The post-test followed the same procedures as the two pre-test visits. Statistical analyses included one-way repeated measures ANOVAs and paired samples t-tests (alpha level of p≤0.05). The reliability of each variable from pre-test 1 to pre-test 2 was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and standard error of the measurement (SEM). Results Table 6 shows the mean (±SD) values for pre-test 1, pre-test 2, and post-test for 1RM, BP MV , BP PV , BT MV , BT PV , as well as the ICC and SEM values for pre-test 1 to pre-test 2.

Conclusion
These findings indicated the strength and velocity variables were reliably measured from pre-test 1 to pre-test 2. In addition, the VST model utilizing an upper body DCER exercise improved strength and barbell velocity in untrained subjects. Thus, the VST model may provide a reliable method for examining acute performance adaptions to exercise and nutritional interventions.

P18
Estimating body composition at baseline and tracking changes during weight loss: Validity of common methods in comparison to a criterion four-compartment model Eric T. Background Beverage retention is affected by many factors (e.g., osmolality, electrolytes, etc.). The "Beverage Hydration Index" (BHI) was created to assess the degree to which beverages "hydrate", by measuring fluid retention after ingesting a 1 liter bolus and comparing it to water. Drinks with carbohydrates and electrolytes score higher on the BHI due to glucose-sodium cotransport at the gut and osmolality approaching isotonicity with blood. Recently, a hypotonic rehydration beverage (enterade®) was developed to take advantage of amino acid-sodium cotransport, thus obviating the need for carbohydrate. The purpose of this investigation was to assess BHI of enterade® in comparison to a carbohydrate-containing sports drink and an oral rehydration solution (ORS).

Methods
In a repeated-measures design, forty study participants (males, n=17; females, n=23), age (mean±SD): males 19.7±0.7 y; females 20.3±0.9 y, BMI: males 23.7±2.8; females 22.5±2.7, were studied in a euhydrated state (first morning void USG < 1.025) after an overnight fast. They emptied their bladders, recorded their body mass and then ingested 1 L of fluid over 30 minutes (4 x 250 mL boluses every 7.5 minutes). The beverages, with corresponding osmolalities and kcal content, were as follows: distilled water (~0 mmol/kg; kcals/L), enterade® (195 mmol/ kg; 21 kcals/L), ORS (270 mmol/kg; 105 kcals/L) and a sports drink (330 mmol/kg; 237 kcals/m). Each trial was separated by~1 week. Urine output was collected and measured immediately, and each hour following the first collection for 2 hours, following fluid ingestion. Individual hour cumulative urine mass and BHI were compared by repeated measures one-way ANOVA with a Dunnett's multiple comparison test to determine which drinks differed from water (P<0.05).
Table 6 (abstract P17). Mean ± SD values for pre-test 1, pre-test 2, and post-test as well as the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of the measurement (SEM) values for Pre-Test 1 and Pre-Test 2 for the subject's barbell bench press 1 repetition maximum (1RM), the mean barbell velocity from the subject's 1RM (BP MV ), the peak barbell velocity from the subject's 1RM (BP PV ), the mean velocity of the barbell bench press throw test (BT MV ), and the peak velocity of the barbell bench press throw test (BT PV )

Conclusions
Based upon these data, enterade® and a traditional ORS are superior to water to optimize rehydration, while sports drink was not. Importantly, the high BHI for enterade® was achieved without carbohydrate, making it a low-calorie alternative for effective rehydration.

Background
While the ideal macronutrient composition of an individual's diet is highly debated, data have indicated that high protein (PRO) intake may favorably influence body composition and blood lipid profile. This may be particularly beneficial to shift-workers who have reported higher adiposity. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in body composition and blood lipids in female hospital shift-workers when stratified by PRO intake. The secondary purpose was to explore the relationships between macronutrient intake, body composition, and blood lipids.

Results
The Conclusions Results of the current study demonstrate that meeting an adequate PRO intake is associated with a more favorable bodyweight, fat mass, and blood lipid profile in shift-working females. This indicates that surpassing general PRO recommendations (0.8 g/kg) may advantageously influence body composition and blood lipid profile. However, the lack of significant relationships between dietary variables and body composition and blood measurements suggests that macronutrient intake may be one of many factors contributing to body composition and blood lipids in shift-working personnel.

P21
The effects of protein supplementation on body composition and metabolic rate changes following bariatric surgery Katie R. Over two-thirds of the US population is considered overweight/obese and at an increased risk for various metabolic diseases. Bariatric surgery has emerged as an effective and sustainable weight loss option, resulting in significant loss of fat mass (FM). However, substantial decreases in fat free mass (FFM) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) are also common, increasing chances of weight regain. Increased consumption of dietary protein has been shown to attenuate losses in FFM during weight loss, which can help maintain RMR. It is currently recommended that bariatric surgery patients consume at least 60 g of protein per day, yet previous research suggests that many bariatric patients have insufficient protein intake following surgery. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of daily protein supplementation on changes in body composition and RMR following bariatric surgery. Methods A pilot sample of ten bariatric surgery patients (Mean ± SD; age=43.

Conclusion
In as little as three weeks following bariatric surgery, there were significant decreases in body weight, primarily associated with losses in FFM, specifically, loss of body water. Although changes in body composition and metabolic rate were not significantly different between treatment groups, the SOC group had a greater decrease in RMR compared to the PRO group. Although this is a small pilot sample, results suggest that protein supplementation following bariatric surgery has the potential to help prevent decreases in RMR that might otherwise lead to future weight regain.

Background
The purpose of this experimental, randomized cross-over study was to determine whether tailored hydration plans improve athletic performance in collegiate athletes during hard training sessions. The rationale for this study is based on previous research, which indicates that athletes commonly consume insufficient fluid and electrolytes before, during, and after training sessions. Athletes who engage in frequent rigorous and prolonged training sessions, may require hydration plans tailored to their individual physiology to improve their performance.

Methods
Fifteen varsity student athletes from Merrimack College aged 20 ±0.85 years were recruited. Athletes were eligible to participate if they were injury free and could exercise at ≥75% of their maximum heart rate for at least 45 minutes. Informed consent was obtained from the athletes, coaches and athletic training staff and all methods were approved by the college institutional review board. After completing a questionnaire assessing hydration knowledge, each athlete underwent an assessment of their sweat rate through participating in a high intensity training bout lasting at least 45 minutes. Bodyweight loss was determined and adjusted for fluid consumption during training. Athletes were randomized to a prescription hydration plan (PHP) or instructed to follow their normal hydration habits (NHP) during training. The PHP was developed by assessing sodium loss through sweat using the Precision Hydration Sweat Analysis software. A hydration plan was recommended to each participant based off of the results of their individual sweat composition and sweat rate. Reaction time using Neurotracker technology and lower body power through standing long jumps were assessed before and immediately after an intense training session where participants in both groups exercised at ≥75% of their max heart rates for at least 45 minutes. During training sessions, heart rate was monitored remotely by Zephyr technology to gauge exertion level and recovery. After a washout period of 7 days, the PHP group repeated the training bout with their normal hydration routine, while the NHP group completed the protocol following their PHP plan.

Results
Compared with following their NHP, participants following their PHP jumped 2.13 ± 3.15 inches farther (P<0.05), tracked objects 0.33 ± 0.33 meters per second quicker (P<0.05) and experienced a faster drop in heart rate (3.0 bpm) five minutes post practice. Conclusion A tailored hydration plan, based on fluid and sodium loss, mitigated the decline in performance observed during intense practices of 45 minutes or longer in duration and has the potential to significantly improve athletic performance.

P23
A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial evaluating the effects of an investigational study product on exercise induced muscle soreness, markers of inflammation, muscle damage and exercise performance in healthy males

Methods
In a randomized double blind placebo design twenty-four healthy male subjects were randomly assigned to take either placebo or 1 capsule in the morning and 1 capsule in the evening (150 mg each) of Cuvitus for 6 days prior to attending their first of two exercise sessions. Prior to each exercise session subjects were given the Visual Analog Pain/Discomfort Scale (VAS), vital signs and blood was drawn and analyzed for TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1 beta. Subjects then received Cuvitus or placebo 1 hour before a leg extension exercise designed to induce muscular soreness, cellular damage and to assess performance. Tests and blood draw were repeated one hour post exercise. Subjects returned 7 days later to repeat the exercise session.

Results
There were significant (p<.05) changes in TNF alpha within groups for both placebo and control, but no significant between group differences. There were significant improvements and enhanced recovery of IL-6 within group for each group with improvements trending toward being significantly greater in the treatment group compared to placebo (p=0.0581). There were significant changes in IL-10 within each group. However the acute recovery was significantly better in the treatment group as compared to placebo for the 1-2 hours post (p< 0.0423). The rise in IL-1 beta trended towards being significantly greater in the placebo compared to the treatment (p=0.058). DOMS was significantly greater post exercise compared to pre-exercise in both groups. The treatment resulted in a 6.2 times improvement in exercise performance over placebo, which trended toward a significantly greater gains in the treatment group compared to placebo.

Conclusion
Taking Cuvitus 150 mg twice a day for 2 weeks lead to better performance when compared to Placebo as well as improvements in anti-inflammatory and immune supportive markers. Disclosures QPS, a Contract Research Organization received a research grant from XSTO Solutions to execute this clinical trial.

Background
Due to the supposed cyto-protective effects of estradiol (estrogen), females are thought to be less predisposed to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) than males, but may be more prone to muscle damage during the low estrogen point in their 28-day cycle (follicular phase) compared to their high estrogen point (luteal phase). It has also been theorized that estradiol may have the functional capacity to act as a membrane stabilizer, thereby attenuating release of muscle damage markers post-exercise. Fish oil supplementation has also been suggested to be important for cyto-protection due to its anti-oxidant potential for significantly decreasing markers of muscle damage. The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of omega-3 fatty acids has been hypothesized to help counteract the inflammatory state associated with EIMD.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare two phases of the menstrual cycle to determine whether the difference in estradiol levels, as well as determine if fish oil supplementation, would attenuate EIMD following a bout of eccentric exercise.

Methods
In this double-blind study, 22 physically-active females were randomly assigned to ingest either 6 grams of fish oil or a placebo daily for 21 days. Participants underwent an eccentric exercise bout of the knee extensors on two occasions, during the mid-follicular (MF) phase (day 6) and mid-luteal (ML) phase (day 21) of the 28-day menstrual cycle. Prior to (PRE), at 6 (6HRPOST), and 24 hours postexercise (24HRPOST) for each session, participants' muscle strength was assessed, and venous blood samples and muscle biopsies were obtained. Data were analyzed utilizing a 2 x 2 x 3 repeated measures MANOVA for each criterion variable (p ≤ .05). Further analysis of the main effects for Test was performed by separate ANOVAs.

Results
Delayed onset muscle soreness was significantly greater at the 6HRPOST and 24HRPOST time points compared to the PRE (p < .0001). Superoxide dismutase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nuclear factor-κB p65 concentrations were all significantly higher at the MF phase compared to the ML phase (p < .001, p = .05, p = .04, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences observed for other criterion variables.

Conclusion
The results of this study demonstrate that estradiol, but not fish oil supplementation, may exert a cyto-protective effect on the sarcolemma, thereby protecting skeletal muscle from EIMD. The results further suggest that higher levels of estradiol may even provide additional protection against EIMD during the ML phase of the female menstrual cycle. Background Several investigations have shown that the combination of resistance exercise and protein supplementation increases fat free mass (FFM) and muscle strength, and could also reduce fat mass (FM). Although the concept of protein supplementation is generally accepted, the optimal type and amount of protein is still under discussion. The efficacy of collagen peptide intake in improving the body composition was recently demonstrated in an RCT on sarcopenic men [1]. Due to their excellent bioavailability and positive impact on connective tissue metabolism [2], bioactive collagen peptides (BCP) might be interesting as a supplement in sports nutrition.

Materials and methods
The effect of post-exercise supplementation of specific BCP (BODY-BALANCE®) on FFM and FM was tested on 167 men aged from 30 to 60. The study participants underwent 60 minutes of resistance training three times weekly and were treated with 15 g BCP or a placebo for 12 weeks. In addition, a daily BCP dosage of 10 g and 20 g was tested. Changes in FFM and FM were measured by DEXA scans at the beginning of the study and after 12 weeks. Differences within the groups were analyzed with a Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test, and changes between the study groups were tested using the Mann-Whitney U-test.

Results
The results revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in FFM after BCP supplementation of 15 g/day compared to placebo. FFM gain was more than 80% higher than in individuals who only did the training. In addition, FM was significantly (p<0.05) reduced after BCP supplementation by 1.8 kg compared to placebo. A daily dosage of 10 g and 20 g BCP intake also led to a pronounced statistically significant (p<0.05) FFM increase and FM reduction respectively compared to the baseline data. Although no significant differences between the study groups could be determined, the effect size (Cohen's d) clearly indicated a dose-dependent effect. For FFM changes, the effect size increased from d=0.380 for 10 g BCP to d=0.433 for 15 g BCP, and d=0.510 for 20 g BCP intake. The effect size for FM loss increased concurrently from d=0.402 (10 g BCB) to d=0.459 (20 g BCP).

Conclusions
The results show that BCP supplementation combined with resistance training had a positive effect on body composition, as indicated by an increased FFM and a more pronounced FM reduction. On the basis on these results, BCP appear to offer an interesting supplement for optimized sports nutrition. The current results suggest an optimal dosage of 15 g per day.

P26
The

Conclusion
Our results revealed that continued endogenous antioxidant activity post-exercise attenuated ROS damage to lipid membranes and RBC's seen during exercise. Findings indicate WT elicited a more robust upregulation of ROS-scavenging than AE, specifically within glutathione metabolism. This may have caused an augmented ability to handle exercise-induced oxidative stress in RES compared to END individuals regardless of acute exercise modality. Sustained activity of glutathione and taurine production post-exercise highlights the importance of cysteine and cystathione metabolism in antioxidant capacity, as they are precursors to both glutathione and taurine.

Background
Exercise yields numerous acute physiological responses that affect many variables, including mood. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) and its ligands are associated with pain-relief, sedation, anxiolysis, and well-being. Tryptophan (Trp) and its derivative serotonin (5-HT) have also been shown to contribute to feelings of well-being and happiness. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an aerobic cycling or anaerobic weight-training exercise bout on markers of the ECS and Trp metabolism.

Conclusions
Aerobic exercise, regardless of training background, appears to elicit a modestly greater response from the ECS than weight-training. This may occur because of the greater contribution of lipid metabolism to aerobic activity than anaerobic activity. Thus, the ECS response may be partially dependent upon substrate metabolism. Also, increases in 5-HT were less than that of ECS ligands. Further examination of the relative responses in these systems may help elucidate mechanisms driving certain psychological responses with different exercise modalities.

P28
Glucose utilization and ketone body production after differing exercise modalities in aerobically or anaerobically trained males and females Bridget A. The consumption of a high protein diet (>3 g/kg/d) over a one-year period in highly trained men has been shown to have no harmful effects on kidney and liver function. Thus, the purpose of these case reports was to do a follow-up investigation of five subjects on a high protein diet over another 1-year period.

Methods
Five healthy resistance-trained men (mean ± SD; age 30 ± 5 yr; height 177.9 ± 5.5 cm) volunteered to continue to consume a highprotein diet (>2.2 g/kg/d over another 12 month period). Subjects came to the lab every 6 months to assess body composition. Subjects continued to provide dietary self-reports via the Myfitnesspal app (>150 diet recalls per year). No other instructions were given. Each subject was provided with protein powder so they could attain their protein intake goals. A comprehensive metabolic panel and blood lipid panel was assessed in a fasted state.

Conclusion
Consuming a high-protein diet for 2 years in resistance-trained men has no deleterious effects on liver or kidney function. Subjects also demonstrated above average bone mineral density.

Background
A balance between training stress and recovery is essential for successful athletic performance, thus the development of an evidence-based approach to monitoring changes in stress and recovery is critical. The purpose of this study was to combine analysis of nutritional biomarkers with mood, sleep, and performance assessments to examine changes in recovery and training status throughout a competitive season. VitD decreased from T1-T2 (ΔVitD= 6.8 ± 1.4 ng/mL, P<.05) and continued a downward trend. OMG3 increased from T1-T2 (ΔOMG= 0.5 ± 0.1%, P<.05), then returned to baseline. Total mood disturbance increased from T2-T3 (ΔMood= 6.4 ± 1.9, P<.05) and remained elevated. No changes in sleep quality (SQ) were seen. Sleep duration (SD) increased from T3-T4 (ΔSD=0.4±0.1, P<.05). VJ was maintained from T1-T3 but began to decline at T4.

Conclusions
Biomarker changes appear to coincide with mood and performance changes throughout a season. Trp levels declined through T4 as mood disturbance increased. Trp, a precursor of serotonin, may provide a mechanism for understanding changes in mood typically reported with overreaching. VitD decreased throughout the season, and these changes preceded performance changes. SQ may be more important for full recovery than SD, as increased SD did not mitigate mood or VJ changes. Changes in nutritional biomarkers appear to occur before or in conjunction with psychological or performance changes and could serve as early indicators for overreaching. Data are expressed as a yearly mean protein intake. Legend: yr-years, PRO-protein, g-grams, kg-kilogram, d-day  Background Controversy exists regarding the relationship of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use and anger. This investigation examines selfreported anger measurements among AAS users before, during, and after AAS use.

Results
A Friedman test and post-hoc Wilcoxon signed ranks tests with Bonferroni corrections were used to analyze anger intensity, control, frequency, and duration before, during, and after AAS use. Anger intensity increased from "mild-moderate" (mean = 1.94) to "moderate" (mean = 2.39) (p < 0.001) from before AAS use to during use and decreased back to "mild-moderate" (mean = 1.68) (p < 0.001) after use. Anger control remained in the "poor control" category (mean = 1.81) although improved towards "poor-moderate" (mean = 1.90) (p < 0.001) from before AAS use to during use and improved more to "poor-moderate" (mean = 2.28) (p < 0.001) after use. Anger frequency remained in the "rarely" category (mean = 2.08) but increased towards "occasionally" (mean = 2.16) (p < 0.001) from before AAS use to during use and improved to "very rarely" (mean = 1.75) (p < 0.001) after use. Anger duration remained in the "short-mod periods" (mean = 2.09) category but improved towards "short periods" (mean = 2.05) (p = 0.001) from before AAS use to during use and improved more to "short periods" (mean = 1.86) (p < 0.001) after use. Conclusion NMAAS users with pre-existing anger issues reported increased anger intensity and frequency during use. However, they also endorsed better anger control and shorter anger duration during AAS use. Upon stopping AAS, participants reported improvements in all four anger measurements as compared to pre-AAS levels.

Conclusions.
The time-course of BCAA metabolism in response to exercise exhibited differential patterns: mode of exercise was the primary stimulus for females and training-background was the distinguishing factor for males. M-RES and F doing WT tended to utilize BCAA during exercise, while there was a more delayed metabolism for M-END and F following AE. These findings are in accord with data describing utilization of multiple substrates during and after exercise in differentially-trained males and females.

Background
Exercise-related cytokine release is central to both inflammatory response management and substrate utilization. This study examined the effect of training background and sex on the cytokine response from either aerobic or anaerobic exercise bouts. Using a within-subjects design, participants completed a 45-minute aerobic cycling session (AE) or a 45-minute lower body resistance session (WT) on separate days. Serum was collected before, 0, and 60 minutes post-exercise (T 0 , T 1 , T 2 , respectively), and analyzed for IL-6, IL-10, and growth hormone (GH). A 2x2x2x3 RM MANOVA was run with univariate follow-ups. Significance was set at P<0.05. Results IL-6 showed trends for an increase from T 0-1 with a return towards baseline from T 1-2 (T 0 =12.93±15.55; T 1 =15.36±17.15; T 2 =13.99±15.45 ng/ml, P T0-1 <0.1, P T1-2 <0.1). This pattern was most apparent in RES-males. Moreover, END had significantly higher resting IL-6 than RES (END=17.45 ±17.34, RES=8.41±12.14 ng/ml, P<0.05), and males had a trend for higher values than females (M=16.08±19.24, F=9.79±9.97 ng/ml, P<0.1). IL-10 had a significant main effect for time (P<.05) and a trend for a sex by condition interaction (P<0.1). There was a significant increase from T 0-1 and IL-10 remained above baseline at T 2 (T 0 =15.37±23.31 vs T 1 =26.14±39.47 & T 2 =25.87±28.49 ng/ml, P<0.05). The females had a blunted IL-10 response, with no difference between conditions. In the males, greater IL-10 secretion was seen overall, with AE appearing to produce a pronounced response. Pairwise comparisons displayed a significant rise in GH from T 0-1 with a return to baseline by T 2 (T 0 =4.87±6.44; T 1 =15.01±15.23; T 2 =4.12±3.61 ng/ml, P T0-1 <0.05, P T1-2 <0.05, P T0-2 >0.05). Area under the curve analysis showed a consistently greater GH response for males than females, and for a strong influence of training background (RES greater) and exercise mode (AE greater) over the total 2-hour period.

Conclusion
There was notable individual variability in the cytokine responses. However, sex differences persisted, with males having larger fluctuations from baseline for IL-6, IL-10, and GH. The IL-6 response was robust across conditions, and there was evidence of chronic elevation of this system within the male-END subset. IL-10 variability was apparent, but condition appeared more impactful on secretion in the males. Lastly, GH response displayed sensitivity to exercise type (AE > WT) and training background (RES > END), with male-RES showing the largest responses.

P34
The body composition effects of extra protein in elite mixed martial artists undergoing frequent training over a six-week

Conclusion
The 27-38% improvements in time-to-exhaustion reflect an increased performance capacity with these supplements that may have important implications for "added time" scenarios. The larger improvement in choice-RT from TCr+Caf may be due to overlapping peak times for the supplements, leading athletes to sustain greater focus under fatigue for longer periods compared to the other conditions. Peak times may also play a role as the largest SRT improvements occurred at mid compared to post-game; perhaps a higher dosage would cause less of a decline during the transition between Caf and TCr. The improvement seen in accuracy post-game may indicate a training effect for allocation of resources toward the end of a game when players need greater concentration.

P36
Effects week. HR and BP were measured before ingestion and at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours post ingestion. Subjects also rated their subjective feelings using a 10 cm visual analog scale at the above times, and performed the trail making test (TMT) of cognitive performance at baseline and at hours 2 and 4 post ingestion. Within conditions changes were assessed with Bonferonni adjustments for pairwise comparisons with significance set at p ≤ 0.05.

Results
All 50 subjects successfully completed the study without any adverse eventTGhiss or other issues associated with ingestion of the treatments. Subjective feelings of attentiveness, focus, and energy improved with all active treatments. Grogginess and lethargy significantly declined over time with all treatments. More favorable scores were generally associated with the caffeine and theacrine+caffeine treatments. Caffeine and theacrine+caffeine resulted in a significant increase in subjective focus from baseline to 2 hours post-ingestion, while the 125 mg theacrine treatment reached statistical significance at 3 hours post-ingestion similar results were not observed in the placebo condition. Sense of energy significantly increased from baseline to 2 hours post-ingestion in caffeine and theacrine+caffeine treatments; meanwhile, 125 mg theacrine produced a significant rise in energy 3 hours post-ingestion. Treatment with theacrine had little impact on HR and BP, with marginal increases (~3 bpm;~3 mm Hg) and no condition by time interactions noted (p>0.05). No condition effects were noted for the TMT (p>0.05), although a trend was present (p=0.069) for theacrine+caffeine, with TMT time improved at 4 hours post ingestion versus pre.

Conclusions
These findings indicate that theacrine, when used alone at 125 mg or in combination with caffeine, is safe and effective at improving subjective feelings related to energy in healthy men and women without significantly affecting HR or BP. Theacrine+caffeine may moderately improve cognitive performance as assessed by the TMT.

Results
There was a significant month by group interaction for fat mass. There was no significant linear trend for control. The treatment groups all showed significant linear decreases in fat mass, but the slope of the decrease became progressively steeper from the resistance-training only group, to the diet-only group, to the resistance-training+diet group. There was a significant linear increase for lean mass in resistance training-only. There was no significant month by group interaction or group effect for RMR.

Conclusions
Significant reductions in fat mass were achieved by all experimental groups, but results were maximized by a combination of RT and diet. Only the RT group showed significant increases in lean mass. RMR remained unchanged over the course of the study period.
supplementation on anaerobic performance measures in collegiate rugby players. METHODS Sixteen male, collegiate rugby players (21±1.5 yrs; 179±6.2 cm; 91.2±11.1 kg; 20.1±4.3% body fat) were randomized in a double-blind, placebo controlled manner to consume 6.4 g/d of placebo (PLA) or BA. In identical pre/post testing sessions, anaerobic endurance and strength endurance was assessed. Anaerobic endurance was assessed using distance covered during a field-based intermittent sprint running test with blood lactate (BLa) collections at rest, after the 2 nd and 4 th sets, and immediately post completion. During a five set to fatigue protocol at 70%1RM examining lower body (back squat) strength endurance, lower body peak power (LPE) and average power (LAE) endurance were evaluated by changes in peak power and average power between all sets. Data was analyzed using 2x2 (group x time) mixed factorial ANOVAs with repeated measures on time. Data is presented as means ± SD.

RESULTS
Pre/post resting BLa levels were not different (p>0.05) between groups, but resting BLa levels did decrease (p<0.05) in both groups at POST vs PRE. BLa levels sharply increased before and after supplementation, with no interaction effect being observed between groups. However, BLa levels in BA were more favorably maintained when compared to PLA from start to completion of running (p < 0.05). Peak and average power values at PRE and POST were similar baseline between groups (p > 0.05). When compared to PRE, peak power values produced throughout the SE protocol decreased similarly in both groups, while average power values did not change. The BA group experienced a significant decrease in peak power from sets 3 to 4 compared to PLA (p = 0.03), however no other significance was observed between the other sets for either group. No significant differences were observed in average power for either group. CONCLUSIONS BA non-significantly attenuated the overall increase in BLa. BA supplementation exerted minimal influence on the maintenance of power in a multi-set, fatiguing resistance exercise. Overall, these results suggest BA likely imparts minimal influence on the maintenance or improvement of anaerobic performance within the parameters of our study design.

Results
There were no differences within or between groups for any of the measures (Table 10).

Conclusion
Based on this pilot study, neither protein produced significant changes in body composition or REE over an 8-week treatment period. A study utilizing a larger sample coupled with an aggressive training program would be warranted.

Background
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of supplementation with 8 grams of citrulline malate on acute multi-joint resistance exercise performance, subjective measures of focus, energy, and fatigue, and the muscle swelling response to training in resistancetrained men.

Materials and methods
Twelve recreationally resistance-trained men (21.4 ± 1.6 y; 163.0 ± 46.2 cm; 85.0 ± 12.4 kg; 3.5 ± 1.6 y of resistance training experience) underwent two testing sessions administered in a randomized and double blind fashion. During each visit, participants were provided either 8 grams citrulline malate (CM) or a placebo (PL) 40-min prior to beginning a standardized warm-up and initiating a barbell bench press resistance exercise protocol. The resistance exercise protocol consisted of 5 sets of 15 repetitions at 75% 1RM with 2-minute rest intervals. Participants were instructed to complete all 15 repetitions or as many as possible without assistance. The total number of repetitions performed for each set was recorded. Additionally, the average and peak power of each repetition was recorded via an accelerometer. Participants were also given subjective questionnaires upon arrival (BL), 40-min following supplement ingestion (PRE), and immediately after the resistance exercise protocol (IP) to assess feelings of energy, focus, and fatigue, along with perceived exertion. A researcher also assessed muscle thickness of the triceps brachii via ultrasonography at BL, PRE, and IP. The two experimental trials occurred at the same time of day and were separated by approximately one week. Results Significant (p<0.05) main effects for time were observed for all variables except for subjective feelings of energy (p=0.085). A group × time interaction (F=2.86, p=0.034, n 2 =0.21) was observed for repetitions performed, where participants performed more (p=0.015) repetitions on set 3 during PL (5.7±1.2 repetitions) compared to CM (4.6±1.2 repetitions). However, during set 4, participants tended (p=0.089) to perform more repetitions during CM (4.8 ± 1.8 repetitions) compared to PL (4.3 ± 1.3 repetitions). No other differences were observed between trials.

Conclusions
In conclusion, supplementation with 8 grams of citrulline malate 40-mins prior to a low volume barbell bench press resistance exercise protocol did not appear to increase exercise performance, alter  Background Neumentix™ Phenolic Complex K110-42 (NEU; Kemin Foods, L.C., Des Moines, IA), a natural spearmint extract containing 14.5% rosmarinic acid and 24% total phenolic content with cognitive benefits, has been previously demonstrated to be safe and well-tolerated when administered at 900 mg/day for 90 days to healthy, older adults. The present study builds on the current safety and tolerability data for this natural nootropic in young, healthy adults.

Methods
Recreationally-active men and women (n=142; NEU: 27.2 ± 0.9 y; placebo [PLA]: 27.9 ± 0.9 y) were randomized to consume either 900 mg of NEU or a visually-identical placebo (PLA) for 90 days. Safety and tolerance were assessed through blood safety panels, vital signs, inflammatory biomarkers, and monitoring of Adverse Events (AEs). Safety panels included: complete blood count, complete metabolic profile, and blood lipids. Vital signs were measured to investigate changes in hemodynamics. Inflammation was measured by C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Measurements were taken at baseline and at 7, 30, and 90 days during supplementation. AEs were assessed throughout the study.

Results
No statistically significant treatment effects were observed in the blood safety panels. Treatment x visit interactions were observed for absolute monocytes and granulocytes; pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences at Day 30, which were no longer evident at 90 days. All values in the blood safety panels were within the accepted physiological ranges. No statistically significant treatment effects were observed for any vital sign; however, a treatment x visit interaction (p=0.029) was observed for systolic blood pressure, resulting from a decrease in PLA. All vital signs remained within the accepted physiological ranges. Raw values for all measures of inflammation decreased over the 90 days in NEU, although no significant between group differences were observed. A trend was observed in treatment x visit interaction for CRP; pairwise comparison revealed significant between group differences at Day 30 (NEU, 1.39 ± 0.228 mg/L vs. PLA, 2.63 ± 0.932 mg/L; Mean ±SEM; p=0.040). There was no difference in total number of AEs or total number of AEs related to the study product between groups.

Conclusion
The present study confirms that chronic supplementation of 900 mg Neumentix in healthy adults is safe and well-tolerated. The positive trends with CRP warrant follow-up studies given the advantages for reducing inflammation after intense physical activity or sports performance. The current data further builds on the body of evidence for Neumentix as a safe and natural nootropic.

Background
Studies have demonstrated that Neumentix TM Phenolic Complex K110-42 (NEU; Kemin Foods, L.C., Des Moines, IA), a natural spearmint extract containing 14.5% rosmarinic acid and 24% total phenolic content, can improve cognition. Given the growing interest in connecting mental and physical performance, the current study examined whether the nootropic benefits of Neumentix supplementation translate into improvements in active cognitive performance in young, healthy adults.

Methods
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design, 142 recreationallyactive adults (NEU: 27.2±0.9y; placebo [PLA]: 27.9±0.9y) were randomized to consume 900 mg of NEU or a visually-identical PLA for 90 days. Choice reaction performance was measured as hits and average reaction time (ART) on a three-tower testing device (Makoto Arena II; Makoto USA Inc., Elk Grove Village, IL) via six tests: stationary, lateral, and multi-directional, each administered with or without footplates. Measurements were taken at baseline,7, 30, and 90 days during supplementation. Data are shown as mean ±SEM.

Conclusion
The present study indicates that 900 mg of Neumentix improves ART in a stationary test of choice reaction performance as early as 7 days and enhances hit rate in both stationary and multi-directional testing following 30 days of supplementation with the effect still present at 90 days in young, healthy individuals. The unique device used was selected because it links cognitive function to active performance. The current data confirm previous work, and provide evidence that the cognitive benefits of Neumentix would be applicable to an athletic context (training, practice, or competition), thus further supporting Neumentix as a safe and natural nootropic. Background In a previous clinical study, an amylopectin/chromium complex (ACr; Velositol®) was shown to double muscle protein synthesis (MPS) when added to 6 g of whey protein (WP) compared to WP alone. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ACr when added to increasing doses of WP to determine if benefits seen in the clinical study could also apply to higher doses of WP. Methods Young (8-week old) male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were randomized into nine groups (n=8 in each group) (Table 11). On the day of the single-dose experiment, rats were exercised at 26 m/min for 2 hours and then fed protein or water according to their assigned group. Approximately one hour later, rats were injected with a bolus dose (250 mg/kg body weight, 25 g/L) of labeled phenylalanine, and ten minutes later, muscle tissue samples were taken to measure the fractional rate of protein synthesis (FSR).

Results
In this study, all active treatment groups (II -IX) increased MPS compared to the exercise control group (p<0.05). However, all the WP plus ACr groups (VI, VII, VIII and IX) increased MPS over their corresponding WP alone groups ( Fig. 1; p<0.05).

Conclusions
Within the confines of this preclinical study design, the addition of ACr to increasing doses of WP enhanced exercise-induced MPS over whey protein alone, providing evidence that the beneficial effects seen in the clinical study using 6 g of whey protein can also occur when using higher doses of whey protein. In addition, the maximum FSR levels seen in the ACr groups were higher than the maximum FSR levels achieved with whey protein alone. Prior studies have shown that an amylopectin/chromium complex (ACr; Velositol®) significantly enhances the ability of whey protein to increase muscle protein synthesis (MPS). This preclinical study was designed to further examine the effects of ACr when added to a different protein source. This time, a plant-based protein source was selected to determine if benefits seen in the clinical study could also apply to plant proteins. The purpose of this preclinical study was to evaluate if the addition of ACr to pea protein could increase MPS after exercise compared to pea protein and exercise alone. Pea protein contains~8% leucine by weight compared to~11% in whey protein.

Methods
Male Wistar rats (8-week old) weighing approximately 250-300 g were reared at 22 ± 2°C in a 12/12 hour light/dark cycle and randomized into three groups (n=8 in each group): (I) Exercise control group; (II) Exercise plus pea protein (0.465 g/kg BW equivalent to a 6 g human dose); (III) Exercise plus pea protein (0.465 g/kg BW equivalent to a 6 g human dose) and ACr (0.155 g/kg BW equivalent to a 2 g human dose). Rats were acclimated using a 10-day treadmill schedule that gradually increased in speed and duration up to 26 m/min for 15 minutes. On the day of the single-dose experiment, rats were exercised at 26 m/min for 2 hours and then fed protein or water according to their assigned group, immediately after exercise. Study product was dissolved in water and administered by oral gavage. Approximately one hour later, rats were injected with a bolus dose (250 mg/kg body weight, 25 g/L) of phenylalanine labeled with deuterium to measure the fractional rate of protein synthesis (FSR) and ten minutes later, muscle tissue samples were taken to determine MPS measured by FSR.

Results
Compared to the exercise control group, both treatment groups (II and III) increased MPS (p<0.05). However, the pea protein plus ACr group (III) increased MPS by 43% over the exercise control group, compared to a 30% increase in the pea protein group (II) (Fig. 2; p<0.05 between treatment groups).

Conclusions
As demonstrated in this preclinical study, the addition of ACr to pea protein enhanced MPS by 43% over pea protein alone, providing evidence that the beneficial effects seen in the clinical study using whey protein may also occur when using other sources of plant-based (e.g., pea) protein. +Background In a previous clinical study, an amylopectin/chromium complex (ACr; Velositol®) was shown to significantly increase muscle protein synthesis (MPS) when added to 6 g of whey protein compared to whey protein alone. In that study, ACr doubled the impact of protein on MPS.
The purpose of this preclinical study was to evaluate if the addition of ACr to branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) could increase MPS after exercise compared to BCAA and exercise alone. BCAA consist of a combination of the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine most commonly in a 2:1:1 ratio. BCAA contains 50% leucine content compared to 11% in whey protein.

Methods
Young (8-week old) male Wistar rats weighing approximately 250-300 g were reared at 22 ± 2°C in a 12/12 hour light/dark cycle and randomized into three groups (n=8 in each group): (I) Exercise control group (II) Exercise plus BCAA (0.465 g/kg BW equivalent to a 6 g human dose) (III)Exercise plus BCAA (0.465 g/kg BW equivalent to a 6 g human dose) and ACr (0.155 g/kg BW equivalent to a 2 g human dose) All rats completed a 10-day treadmill acclimation schedule that gradually increased in speed and duration up to 26 m/min for 15 minutes. On the day of the single-dose experiment, rats were exercised at 26 m/min for 2 hours and then fed BCAAs or water according to their assigned group, immediately after exercise. The study product was dissolved in water and administered by oral gavage. Approximately one hour later, rats were injected with a bolus dose (250 mg/kg body weight, 25 g/L) of phenylalanine labeled with deuterium to measure the fractional rate of protein synthesis (FSR) and ten minutes later, muscle tissue samples were taken to determine MPS measured by FSR.

Results
Both treatment groups (II and III) increased MPS compared to the exercise control group (p<0.05). However, the BCAA plus ACr group (III) increased MPS by 71% over the exercise control group, compared to a 57% increase in the BCAA group (II) (Fig. 3; p<0.05 between treatment groups).

Conclusions
Within the confines of this preclinical study design, the addition of ACr to BCAA enhanced exercise-induced MPS by 25% over BCAA alone, providing evidence that the beneficial effects seen in the clinical study using whey protein, may also occur when using BCAA. Bench press increased for 95% of players (5.5±2.4 reps) with 71% and 31% increasing ≥5 and 7 reps, respectively. All players assessed got faster in the 40YD (-0.2 ± 0.1 sec).

Conclusions
The observational results of this investigation demonstrate that college football players transitioning from end of season/bowl games to Combine/ProDay assessments and training at CSPS with training and nutrition support can make dramatic improvements in body composition and performance measures. These improvements may impact draft position or catalyze undrafted contracts with professional teams. Based on the study design, relationships between specific training and nutrition aspects cannot be made at this time.

Background
Proteins have the greatest thermogenic potential compared to the other macronutrients. Whey protein is a complete protein and considered the standard for supplemental proteins due to its high branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) content. Background Tracking acute changes in hydration is typically performed by measuring changes in body mass. Both bioimpedance devices and urinary indices have been used to determine hydration and fluid volumes and should also detected acute changes in hydration. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationships between urinary and bioimpedance values and changes in body mass after acute dehydration. Materials and Methods: Nine women and six men (28 +/-4 yrs, 175 +/-6.5 cm, 76.7 +/-11 kg) participated in the study. Pre-and post-testing measurements included nude body mass (BM), urine color (UC), urine specific gravity (USG), single frequency bioimpedance (BIA) variables (R, Xc, Phase) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) variables (R0, Rinf). Subjects entered the lab in a normally hydrated state (USG: 1.000-1.018) and ran on a treadmill fully clothed at 80% of their predicted max heart rate for 30 minutes followed by sitting in a sauna at 70 degrees Celsius for 15 minute intervals until a reduction in BM by approximately 2% was detected (2.1 +/-0.3%).

Results:
Neither urinary-or bioimpedance-based variables were significantly correlated with the changes in BM (p > 0.05). BIA phase angle was the only variable not significantly different from pre-to postdehydration (p = 0.146). Urine color increased by 1 (+/-1.

Conclusions:
Of all the variables, BIA resistance and BIS Rinf measurements appear to be the best detectors of acute changes in hydration with UC failing to detect a change in 31% of the subjects and USG failing in 19% of the subjects. Urinary indices of hydration may not detect an actual loss of fluid after acute dehydration. There is very little research on acute barbell lifting performance alterations due to supplementation in women. Athletic female populations utilizing velocity tracking apparatus to determine performance must be performed to analyze the effects of energy drinks. Purpose Investigate the effects of an energy drink on barbell lifting, and reaction time in women. Methods 17 college-aged female subjects completed this study (1.64±.08 m, 61.3±6.8 kg, 21.6±1.7y/o, mean±std dev). The initial visit involved consent documentation, health history information, and anthropometrics. Body composition was established using plethysmography (body fat percentage 22.5±6.9%). Subjects were familiarized with the lab's computerized reaction time test (RTT) (PsychoPy-Python V1.82) and tested for their one repetition maximum (1RM) on back squats (73.2±21.8 kg) and bench press (43.0±13.4 kg). After initial testing, subjects scheduled their next testing session 5-9 days later. Utilizing a crossover double blind study, subjects were given either a supplement, supplement without carbohydrates, or a placebo. Twenty minutes after ingestion subjects took the RTT followed by a warm up and three vertical jumps. For the squat and bench press subjects performed the same protocol of 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of their 1RM for up to 3 repetitions at each load. Afterwards subjects performed 15 repetitions on a cadence with 70% of their system max for the movement. Afterwards they performed another RTT. Each visit was 5-9 days from the other trials. Individual lifting performance was normalized and RTT change scores were established. Data was analyzed utilizing two way RMANOVAs with post hoc Bonferroni adjustment for significant differences between treatments.

Conclusion
Energy drink consumption does not have an effect on maximal velocity output in squat and bench press performance nor in a fatiguing protocol. Use of caffeine and energy drinks might be able to mask fatigue when otherwise an athlete would underperform. Barbell velocity is used as a marker of athlete performance in the collegiate and professional level. Research must be performed into the effects of energy drinks on lifting performance. Purpose: Investigate the effects of an energy drink on velocity, reaction time, and ratings of perceived exertion. Methods 15 college-aged male subjects participated in this study (1.79±.04 m, 80.3±5.8 kg, 22.7±2.8y/o, mean ± standard deviation). Subjects arrived and filled out participation documents. Body composition was established using air displacement (body fat percentage 14.1±4.9). Subjects were then familiarized with the lab's computerized reaction time test (RTT) (PsychoPy-Python V1.82). Subjects were tested for their one repetition maximum (1RM) on barbell back squats (129.5 ±27.5 kg) and bench press (99.7±25.5 kg). Following baseline testing, subjects scheduled their next testing session conducted 5-9 days later. Utilizing a crossover double blind study, subjects were given either a placebo, supplement, or supplement without carbohydrate. After waiting twenty minutes they performed the RTT and visual analog scale (VAS) followed by a standardized warm up and three vertical jumps. Subjects then squatted and performed up to three maximal velocity repetitions with 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of their 1RM. Afterwards subjects performed 15 repetitions on a cadence with 70% of their system max. Subjects performed the same protocol on the bench press. Finally, subjects performed the RTT and VAS again. Visits were spaced 5-9 days apart for each trial. Data was normalized for individual lifting performance and change scores were established for the RTT and VAS. Data was analyzed utilizing SPSS with ANOVAs for significant differences between treatments.

Conclusions
Energy drinks potentially have a small effect on squat velocity performance for a few points along the 1RM spectrum, but do not significantly affect the entire range.

P52
The relationship between the ACTN3 genotype and measures of stress, exercise performance and body composition Tobin Silver 1 , Jaime Tartar  Background Alpha-Actinin-3 is a Z-disc protein expressed in fast-twitch or Type II skeletal muscle fibers. A polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene (R577X) results in the XX genotype (i.e., lack of alpha-actinin-3). The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the expression of the ACTN3 gene (RR homozygous or RX heterozygous) and measures of stress, bench press strength and endurance, and body composition.

Methods
One-hundred and ten male and female athletes volunteered for this study (mean±SD: age 30.2±9.2 years; height 171.3±9.6 cm; % body fat 21.6±7.0; male n=55, female n=55). Body composition was assessed via a DEXA scan. Strength and muscle endurance was determined via a 1-RM for the bench press and repetitions to failure on the bench press at 60% of the 1-RM weight. Saliva was collected before and after the exercise test to determine salivary cortisol concentration as well as for ACTN3 genotyping. Genomic DNA extraction was performed using the QIAamp DNA Investigator kit, following the manufacturer instructions (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA). After isolation, amplification was conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using allele specific fluorescent primers.

Results
There were no significant differences in body composition between XX and R/-(carriers of ACTN3) for body weight, lean body mass, fat mass or percentage body fat. However, R/-demonstrated significantly greater bone mineral content and density. Self-reported stress (pre-and post-exercise testing) showed no differences between XX and R/-. Baseline cortisol was significantly greater in the R/-group; however, no differences were found post-exercise testing. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the XX and R/groups for 1-RM bench press strength or repetitions to failure.

Conclusion
In exercise-trained individuals, the presence of the ACTN3 genotype did not confer an advantage with muscular strength/endurance, lean body mass or fat mass. However, carriers of the gene (R/-) demonstrated greater bone mineral content and density. Furthermore, the stress response (i.e., self-reported and salivary cortisol) was not different between groups post-exercise. Background While the use of probiotics for improved immune function and gastrointestinal health has increased in popularity, little is known regarding the effect of supplementation on athletic adaptations and performance. Recent evidence suggests that probiotic supplementation may improve short-term recovery following an acute bout of resistance exercise, which may augment adaptations. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of probiotic supplementation during offseason training in collegiate athletes. Methods Twenty-three Division I female athletes (19.6±1.0y, 67.5±7.4 kg, 170.6 ±6.8 cm) from the university volleyball (n=10) and soccer (n=13) teams participated in this study and were randomized into either a probiotic (DE111; n=11) or placebo (PL; n=12) group. Athletes completed the same 10-week resistance training program during the offseason, which consisted of 3-4 workouts per week of upper and lower-body exercises and sport-specific training. Athletes consumed DE111 (DE111®; 5 billion CFU/day) or PL supplement in conjunction with a recovery drink (45 g CHO, 20 g PRO, 2 g FAT) immediately following resistance and sport-specific training for the entire 10-week program. On weekend or non-training days, athletes consumed the supplement with a meal. Pre and post-training, all athletes underwent one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength testing (squat, deadlift, bench press), performance testing (vertical jump, pro-agility) and isometric mid-thigh pull testing (IMTP). Three compartment body composition estimation (BF%) was completed via BOD POD and BIA analysis, as well as muscle thickness (MT) measurement of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) via ultrasonography. Separate repeated measures analyses of variance were used to analyze all data. Additionally, magnitude based inferences were implemented to provide qualitative interpretation. Results DE111 produced significantly greater (p=0.015) improvements in BF% (-2.05±1.38%) compared to PL (-0.2±1.6%), with no other group x time interactions observed. Significant improvements were observed for both groups in squat 1RM (p<0.001), deadlift 1RM (p<0.001), bench press 1RM (p<0.001), vertical jump (p<0.001), BF% (p=0.001), and RF MT (p=0.015). No significant main effects were observed for any other variable. Furthermore, DE111 supplementation was "very likely beneficial" for BF% and "possibly beneficial" for deadlift 1RM (+12.0±6.6 kg) compared to PL (+7.8±7.4 kg).

Conclusions
These data suggest that probiotic consumption in conjunction with adequate post-workout nutrition may improve body composition and indices of athletic performance in female Division I soccer and volleyball players following offseason training. Future research is needed to elucidate potential mechanisms responsible for these findings.

Background
Recently, a novel whey protein isolate (WPI) processing technique has been introduced, which may improve absorption, digestibility, and ultimately training adaptations. Utilizing this WPI processing technology, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of two different types of whey protein dietary supplements (standard whey protein isolate [Standard WPI] vs. a reduced volume of a proprietary processed whey protein isolate [Novel WPI]) on body composition in conjunction with an 8-week resistance-training program in resistance-trained males. Methods 32 resistance-trained males (22.2±4.3 years; 177.3±7.8 cm; 77.6±12.6 kg) participated in this randomized, double-blinded investigation. Participants were matched according to fat-free mass (FFM) and randomized to the Standard WPI (n=18) or the Novel WPI (n=14). The Standard WPI group was provided with 27 g of WPI per serving and the Novel WPI group was given a reduced volume of WPI (20 g of uniquely processed WPI+7 g maltodextrin to match the volume of the Standard WPI serving size) immediately after each resistance training session (4x/week). At baseline and following 8-weeks of training, participants were assessed for body composition (FFM, dry lean mass [DLM], fat mass [FM], and bodyfat percentage [BF%]). The resistance-training program consisted of two lower-body and two upper-body workouts/week for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed via a 2-factor [2x2] between-subjects repeated measures ANOVA and pre to post changes within each group were analyzed by a paired-samples t-test.

Results
No differences existed between the two groups for body composition measures at baseline. The repeated measures ANOVA revealed a main effect for time for FFM (p<0.001) and DLM (p=0.05), but no group x time interactions. Specifically, FFM increased from 68.8 ±9.3 kg to 70.0±9.4 kg and from 67.1±9.0 kg to 67.8±9.7 kg; DLM increased from 19.6±3.7 kg to 20.2±3.5 kg and from 19.3±3.6 kg to 20.1±5.2 kg in the Standard WPI and Novel WPI groups, respectively. The paired samples t-test revealed a significant increase in FFM over time in the Standard WPI group (p=0.001) and a trend for significance in the Novel WPI group (p=0.082). However, when body water was accounted for (DLM), neither group significantly increased DLM over time (Standard WPI: p=0.164; Novel WPI: p=0.185). There were no main effects for time nor a group x time interaction for FM and BF% (p>0.05).

Conclusions
In resistance-trained males, using a reduced amount (25% less WPI) of novel processed WPI as a post-workout protein supplement elicits changes in body composition similar to using a higher-protein dosed, standard WPI supplement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a commercially available thermogenic supplement on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and hemodynamic variables in healthy males by using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Methods Ten males (26.5±6.4 years, 177.6±7.2 cm, 80.5±10.8 kg) participated in the investigation. Each participant underwent two different testing sessions within a 7-day period. After an overnight fast, each session began with the collection of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) assessments, as well as two baseline RMR measurements. Following this, each participant ingested either a thermogenic supplement (Shred Sport™) or a placebo and the RMR, HR, and BP assessments were repeated at 60, 120, and 180 minutes post-ingestion. Data were analyzed via a 2-factor [2x4] within-subjects repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS version 22.0.

Results
Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant effect for time relative to the raw RMR data. Post-hoc analyses revealed that the dietary supplement treatment demonstrated significant elevations in RMR at 60-minutes, 120-minutes, and 180-minutes post-ingestion (p ≤ 0.05). There were no significant elevations at any time point in the placebo treatment. Table 12 demonstrates the raw data and the percentage increases in RMR for each time point for both supplement treatments. HR significantly decreased at 60-minutes (from 60.3 ± 7.3 to 55.2 ± 5.0) and 180-minutes (from 60.3 ± 7.3 to 56 ± 4.7 beats/minute) in the thermogenic treatment and did not change at any time in the placebo treatment. SBP did not change significantly at any time point in either treatment. DBP increased significantly at all time points in the thermogenic treatment and increased significantly at 180-minutes post-ingestion in the placebo treatment, but all measures stayed within normal clinical values (60-80 mm Hg).

Conclusions
The dietary supplement treatment (Shred Sport™) experienced significant elevations in RMR-an effect that was not observed with placebo treatment. Taken on a daily basis, Shred Sport™ supplementation may increase overall energy expenditure possibly leading to reductions in fat mass over time. Daily undulating periodization (DUP) represents an increasingly popular trend in exercise science with which a traditional model has been established. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of traditional and tiered DUP models as they relate to body composition changes in trained males. Methods 27 resistance-trained males (22±4.5 years; 80±11 kg) completed an 8week resistance-training program and were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Traditional Daily Undulating Periodization (DUP; n=12) or Tiered Daily Undulating Periodization (TDUP; n=15). All subjects were required to squat, bench press, and deadlift 1.25x, 1x, and 1.5x their bodyweights, respectively. DVs included fat free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and body fat percentage (BF%) and were assessed at baseline and after 8-weeks of training. The DUP group performed a hypertrophy-workout on Monday, a power-workout on Wednesday, and a strength-workout on Friday. The last set of all 3 powerlift exercises was taken to failure during the strength workout such that the performance of this set dictated the working weight for each lift the following week. In contrast, the TDUP group emphasized one powerlift for each workout and completed their last set of their emphasized lift to failure. Data was analyzed via a 2x2 mixed factorial ANOVA with the alpha criterion for significance set at 0.05.

Background
Lipids are the substrate largely responsible for energy supply during submaximal exercise [1]. However, the contribution of substrates (FA and CHO) oxidized for energy permutate as exercise intensity increases leading to the crossover point where CHO is the dominant substrate oxidized [2]. Weighted vest running (WVR) has been shown to acutely modify running kinematics, which can impact exercise intensity [3]. Therefore, the purpose was to assess the influence of WVR with an additional 5%BM and 10%BM on caloric expenditure (CE) and FAox.

Methods
Seventeen recreationally trained runners (9 men and 8 women) performed four separate graded exercise tests (GXT) separated by 24 hrs each. After height and weight were measured, the sum of three skinfold sites was used to estimate percent body fat prior to the first GXT. The first GXT established the workloads at pre-specified exercise intensities (60,65,70,75,80% VO 2max ). The following three GXTs tested WVR with a control (no vest), 5% body mass (BM) vest, and 10%BM vest using 3-minute incrementally increasing steady-state stages. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure both FAox (g/min) and CE (kcal/min).

Results
The ANOVA/ANCOVA analysis revealed that WVR significantly increased CE (p < 0.05) and reduced FAox (p < 0.05). When sex, fat free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) were included as covariates, FFM (kg) was found to have a significant influence (p < 0.001) on CE. Fat mass was found to have the strongest influence on FAox (p = 0.07) as compared to FFM and sex. Caloric expenditure significantly increased in the 10%BM condition at all exercise intensities compared with the control and 5%BM (except 60% VO 2max ), while FAox significantly decreased in the 10%BM WV (70% and 75% VO 2max conditions only).

Conclusions
Our results agree with previous research that 60% VO 2max elicits maximal FAox [1]. However, our results show that recreationally conditioned runners training with weighted vests at 5%BM and 10%BM will increase CE while maintaining fat oxidation. The 10%BM had the most meaningful increase in CE. Furthermore, our results confirm that symetrical placement of mass has little effect on exercise intensity while running. These findings are relevant for running-based exercise prescriptions to increase CE, but maintain fat specific substrate oxidation. Trained runners maintaining a higher FM (within reason) could positively impact FAox. Conversely, FFM precipitates total energy expenditure, therefore, increasing FFM can positively increase CE during running activities. Future investigations should consider body composition of importance when exploring substrate oxidation. macrophage phenotypes, which corresponds to the destructive and regenerative phases of muscle remodeling/repair. Daily consumption of tart cherry juice before and after EIMD has been shown to accelerate strength recovery in humans; a purported benefit attributed to antioxidant/anti-inflammatory phytonutrients in tart cherries. However, mechanisms of such compounds to influence damaged skeletal myofibers, and the macrophages that aid in their regeneration are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tart cherry extract (TCE) in vitro on regenerating C2C12 skeletal myotube cultures, and ex vivo-cultured murine macrophages.

Conclusion
This novel research demonstrates effects of TCE on specific mechanistic functions critical to muscle regeneration in both muscle and immune cells.