Table 5 Findings of subgroup analyses reported in the included reviews

Carr et al. [13]

Increase in dose by 1 mmoL/kg/body mass

0.5% (90% CL: −0.1, 0.6%)

Five extra bouts

0.6% (90% CL: 0.2, 1.0%)

10 × duration

− 0.6% (90% CL: − 1.2, 0.3%)

Non-athletes

−1.1% (90% CL: − 2.2, 0.0%)

Females

−0.7% (90% CL: − 2.1, 0.7%)

Non-blinded

0.2% (90% CL: −0.5, 0.9%)

Grgic et al. [17] – muscle endurance

Large muscle groups

ES: 0.40 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.66)

Small muscle groups

ES: 0.31 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.59)

One time point of ingestion

ES: 0.53 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.93)

Multiple time points of ingestion

ES: 0.23 (95% CI: 0.05, 0.42)

Grgic et al. [17] – muscle strength

Tested in a rested state

ES: 0.02 (95% CI: − 0.09, 0.13)

Tested in a fatigued state

ES: −0.16 (95% CI: − 0.59, 0.28)

One time point of ingestion

ES: −0.14 (95% CI: − 0.50, 0.21)

Multiple time points of ingestion

ES: 0.04 (95% CI: −0.06, 0.14)

Lopes-Silva et al. [19] – peak power

Acute ingestion: Wingate bout 1

ES: − 0.07 (95% CI: − 0.36, 0.23)

Acute ingestion: Wingate bout 2

ES: 0.00 (95% CI: − 0.42, 0.42)

Acute ingestion: Wingate bout 3

ES: 0.14 (95% CI: −0.28, 0.56)

Multi-day ingestion: Wingate bout 1

ES: 0.79 (95% CI: 0.20, 1.37)

Multi-day ingestion: Wingate bout 2

ES: 1.52 (95% CI: 0.90, 2.13)

Multi-day ingestion: Wingate bout 3

ES: 0.89 (95% CI: 0.33, 1.45)

Multi-day ingestion: Wingate bout 4

ES: 1.36 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.96)

Lopes-Silva et al. [19] – mean power

Acute ingestion: Wingate bout 1

ES: 0.12 (95% CI: −0.18, 0.41)

Acute ingestion: Wingate bout 2

ES: 0.14 (95% CI: −0.28, 0.56)

Acute ingestion: Wingate bout 3

ES: 0.22 (95% CI: −0.20, 0.65)

Multi-day ingestion: Wingate bout 1

ES: 0.91 (95% CI: 0.43, 1.39)

Multi-day ingestion: Wingate bout 2

ES: 1.04 (95% CI: 0.46, 1.62)

Multi-day ingestion: Wingate bout 3

ES: 1.66 (95% CI: 0.95, 2.38)

Multi-day ingestion: Wingate bout 4

ES: 2.09 (95% CI: 1.31, 2.87)