Table 1 Summary of the meta-analyses included in the umbrella review
From: Effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on exercise performance: an umbrella review
Reference | Included studies | Number of included primary studies (sample size) | Performance test/outcome | Effect size and p-value | I2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meta-analyses that used Cohen’s d for data analysis | |||||
Christensen et al. [14] | Crossover study designs | 25 studies (n = 235) | Endurance events lasting ∼45 s to 8 min | 0.40 (95% CI: 0.27, 0.54); p < 0.001 | n/a |
Grgic [15] | Crossover study designs | 10 studies (n = 102) | Mean and peak power in single and repeated Wingate tests | Peak power bout 1: − 0.01 (95% CI: − 0.06, 0.04); p = 0.730 Peak power bout 2: 0.02 (95% CI: − 0.10, 0.13); p = 0.774 Peak power bout 3: 0.09 (95% CI: 0.00, 0.17); p = 0.048 Peak power bout 4: 0.29 (95% CI: − 0.13, 0.71); p = 0.180 Mean power bout 1: 0.02 (95% CI: − 0.07, 0.11); p = 0.688 Mean power bout 2: 0.09 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.16); p = 0.005 Mean power bout 3: 0.21 (95% CI: − 0.16, 0.58); p = 0.268 Mean power bout 4: 0.62 (95% CI: 0.15, 1.08); p = 0.009 | Peak power bout 1: 0% Peak power bout 2: 7% Peak power bout 3: 0% Peak power bout 4: 0% Mean power bout 1: 0% Mean power bout 2: 0% Mean power bout 3: 0% Mean power bout 4: 0% |
Grgic et al. [16] | Crossover study designs | 5 studies (n = 46) | Yo-Yo test performance | 0.36 (95% CI: 0.10, 0.63); p = 0.007 | 14% |
Grgic et al. [17] | Crossover study designs | 13 studies for muscle endurance (n = 113)a and 11 studies for muscle strength (n = 110) | Muscle endurance and muscle strength | Muscle endurance: 0.37 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.59); p = 0.001 Muscle strength: − 0.03 (95% CI: − 0.18, 0.12); p = 0.725 | Muscle endurance: 70% Muscle strength: 45% |
Lopes-Silva et al. [18] | Crossover study designs | 6 studies (n = 77) | Measures of repeated-sprint ability (total work, best sprint, and last sprint performance) | Total work: 0.43 (95% CI: −0.11, 0.97); p = 0.12 Best sprint: 0.02 (95% CI: − 0.30, 0.34); p = 0.90 Last sprint: 0.20 (95% CI: − 0.13, 0.52); p = 0.14 | Total work: 0% Best sprint: 0% Last sprint: 69% |
Lopes-Silva et al. [19] | Crossover and between-group study designs | 6 studies (n = 65) that used protocols of acute ingestion and 3 studies (n = 60) that used multi-day protocols of ingestion | Mean and peak power in single and repeated Wingate tests | Acute ingestion Peak power: 0.02 (95% CI: − 0.19, 0.23); p = 0.87 Mean power: 0.15 (95% CI: − 0.06, 0.36); p = 0.92 Multi-day protocols of ingestion Peak power: 1.21 (95% CI: 0.83, 1.42); p = 0.001 Mean power: 1.26 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.56); p = 0.001 | Acute ingestion Peak power: 0% Mean power: 0% Multi-day protocols of ingestion Peak power: 27% Mean power: 88% |
Meta-analyses that used percent changes for data analysis | |||||
Carr et al. [13] | Crossover study designs | 26 studies (n = 241) | General mean power | 1.7% (90% CL: 90% CL: − 0.3%, 3.7) | n/a |
Turnes et al. [20] | Crossover study designs | 5 studies (n = 52) | Mean power in 2000-m rowing | 1.4% (90% CL: 0.1, 2.6%) | n/a |