Study | Participants | Exercise performance test | Sodium bicarbonate dose | Timing of ingestion | Main findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afman et al. 2014 [2] | 7 well-trained male basketball players | Basketball layups and 15-m sprints in 4 quarters | 0.4 g/kg | 90 to 20 min before exercise | Made layups: ↔ Sprint time: ↓ in the 4th quarter |
Ansdell et al. 2020 [3] | 10 male basketball players | Isometric knee extension after each quarter of a basketball game, 15-m sprint, and basketball layups | 0.4 g/kg | 90 to 60 min before exercise | Made layups: ↔ Sprint time: ↔ MVC: sodium bicarbonate ingestion attenuated the decline in strength |
Artioli et al. 2007 [4] | 23 judo competitors | 3 × SJFT (5-min rest); 4 × modified upper body Wingate test (3-min rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 120 min before exercise | Number of throws: ↑ in SJFT bout 2 and 3 Mean power: ↑ in Wingate bout 3 and 4 Peak power: ↑ in Wingate bout 4 |
Aschenbach et al. 2000 [5] | 8 college wrestlers | 8 × 15-s arm ergometer (20-s rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 90 to 60 min before exercise | Peak power: ↔ Total work: ↔ |
Bird et al. 1995 [6] | 12 male distance runners | 1500-m run | 0.3 g/kg | 120 to 60 min before exercise | Running time: ↓ |
Bishop et al. 2004 [7] | 10 female team-sport athletes | 5 × 6-s cycle sprints (30-s rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Total work: ↑ Peak power: ↑ in sprints 3, 4, and 5 |
Bishop et al. 2005 [8] | 7 female team-sport athletes | 2 × 36-min “halves” of 18 × 4-s cycle sprints (2-min rest) | 0.4 g/kg | 90 to 20 min before exercise | Work: ↑ in 7 of 18 second-half sprints Peak power: ↑ in 8 of 18 second-half sprints |
Boegman et al. 2020 [9] | 23 male rowers | 2000-m rowing | 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise, or according to individualized ingestion timing | Rowing time: ↓ with the individualized protocol |
Bouissou et al. 1988 [10] | 6 male varsity track athletes | Cycling to exhaustion at 125% of peak aerobic work | 0.3 g/kg | 120 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↑ |
Brien et al. 1989 [11] | 6 well-trained oarsmen | 4-min submaximal rowing and 2-min maximum rowing | 0.3 g/kg | 180 to 60 min before exercise | Work: ↔ Power: ↔ |
Brisola et al. 2015 [12] | 15 moderately active males | 2 × supramaximal running at 110% of VO2max | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↔ |
Cameron et al. 2010 [13] | 25 male rugby players | Rugby-specific repeated-sprint test | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Mean sprint time: ↔ Fastest 40-m sprint time: ↔ Mean change in repeated-sprint ability: ↔ |
Campos et al. 2012 [14] | 3 female and 7 male swimmers | 6 × 100-m swimming (6-min of rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Stroke length: ↔ Stroke rate: ↔ Stroke index: ↔ Swimming time: ↔ |
Carr et al. 2012 [15] | 3 female and 4 male well-trained rowers | 2000-m rowing | Acute protocol: 0.3 g/kg Multiple-day protocol: 0.5 g/kg | Acute protocol: 120 min before exercise Multiple-day protocol: for 3 days before exercise | Mean power: ↔ |
Carr et al. 2013 [16] | 12 resistance-trained men | 4 sets of squat and leg press, and 5 sets of knee extensions using 10-12RM or 50% of 1RM (60-s to 90-s rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 80 to 50 min before exercise | Number of repetitions: ↑ |
Cholewa et al. 2015 [17] | 7 division III collegiate male soccer players | Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 | 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Distance covered: ↔ Time to fatigue: ↔ |
Coombes et al. 1993 [18] | 9 male physical education students | Isokinetic knee extension and flexion | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Peak torque: ↑ Total work: ↑ |
Costill et al. 1984 [19] | 1 female and 10 males | 4 × 1-min cycling bout (1-min rest), 5th sprint was to exhaustion | 0.2 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↑ |
Dalle et al. 2019 [20] | 12 physically active males | 4 × 2-min cycling (each bout was separated by a 3-h rest interval) | 0.4 g/kg | Over a 9 h period before exercise | Mean power: ↑ in bout 3 |
Dalle et al. 2021 [21] | 11 male cyclists | 90-s sprint at the end of 3-h simulated cycling race | 0.3 g/kg | From 120 min before exercise until the end of the 3 h simulated cycling race | Mean power: ↑ |
Deb et al. 2017 [22] | 11 male trained cyclists | 3-min all-out cycling performed in normoxia and hypoxia | 0.3 g/kg | According to individualized ingestion timing | Curvature constant: ↑ in normoxia and hypoxia Critical power: ↔ Peak power: ↔ Total work: ↑ in normoxia and hypoxia |
Deb et al. 2018 [23] | 11 recreationally active males | Repeated 60-s cycling to exhaustion (30-s rest) | 0.3 g/kg | According to individualized ingestion timing | Exercise tolerance: ↑ Work done: ↑ |
Delextrat et al. 2018 [24] | 15 female basketball players | Basketball Exercise Simulated Test | 0.3 g/kg | For 4 days before exercise | Mean sprint time: ↓ Mean circuit time: ↓ Mean jump height: ↑ Ideal sprint time: ↓ Total sprint time: ↓ Sprint performance decrement: ↓ Jump height decrement: ↔ |
Dixon et al. 2017 [25] | 8 recreationally active males | Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test 1 | 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↑ |
Douroudos et al. 2006 [26] | 24 men (8 in each group) | Wingate test | 0.3 or 0.5 g/kg | For 5 days before exercise | Mean power: ↑ only with 0.5 g/kg |
Driller et al. 2012 [27] | 8 male cyclists | 4-min cycling | Acute protocol: 0.3 g/kg Multiple-day protocol: 0.4 g/kg | Acute protocol: 90 to 30 min before exercise Multiple-day protocol: for 3 days before exercise | Absolute mean power: ↑ with both protocols Relative mean power: ↑ only with the acute protocol |
Driller et al. 2012 [28] | 8 well-trained male cyclists | 2-min cycling | 0.3 g/kg | 120 to 60 min before exercise | Mean power: ↑ Peak power: ↔ |
Driller et al. 2013 [29] | 12 Australian representative rowers | 2000-m rowing | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before every exercise session (4 weeks, 2 days per week) | Rowing time: ↔ Mean power: ↔ Peak power: ↔ Power at 4 mmol/L of lactate: ↔ |
Duncan et al. 2014 [30] | 8 resistance-trained men | 3 sets of squat and bench press at 80% of 1RM (3-min rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Number of repetitions in the squat: ↑ Number of repetitions in the bench press: ↔ |
Durkalec-Michalski et al. 2018 [31] | 9 female and 12 male CrossFit-trained participants | 3 × Fight Gone Bad CrossFit round and incremental cycling test | 0.037.5 to 0.150 g/kg | For 10 days before exercise | Number of repetitions: ↑ Time to exhaustion: ↔ Maximum workload: ↔ Workload at ventilatory threshold: ↑ Time to ventilatory threshold: ↑ |
Durkalec-Michalski et al. 2018 [32] | 18 female and 31 male wrestlers | 2 × Wingate test with a dummy throw test during the rest interval | 0.025 to 0.150 g/kg | For 10 days before exercise | Peak power: ↔ Mean power: ↔ Minimum power: ↔ Time-to-peak power: ↓ Number of throws: ↔ |
Durkalec-Michalski et al. 2020 [33] | 24 male field hockey players | 2 × Wingate test with a discipline-specific field performance test during the rest interval | Acute protocol: 0.2 g/kg Multiple-day protocol: 0.05 to 0.2 g/kg | Acute protocol: 120 min before exercise Multiple-day protocol: for 8 days before exercise | Work: ↑ in Wingate bout 1 only with multiple-day protocol Mean power: ↑ in Wingate bout 1 only with multiple-day protocol Peak power: ↑ in Wingate bout 1 only with multiple-day protocol Time-to-peak power: ↔ Power carry threshold at 97% of peak power: ↑ in Wingate bout 1 only with multiple-day protocol Average power at power carry threshold: ↑ in Wingate bout 1 only with multiple-day protocol Time needed to complete the discipline-specific performance test: ↓ with both protocols |
Durkalec-Michalski et al. 2020 [34] | 18 female and 33 male wrestlers | 2 × Wingate test with a dummy throw test during the rest interval | 0.025 to 0.150 mg/kg | For 10 days before exercise | Peak power: ↔ Mean power: ↔ Power drop: ↔ Power in the middle section of the Wingate test: ↑ Number of throws: ↑ only in males |
Edge et al. 2006 [35] | 16 recreationally active women | Constant-load exercise test | 0.4 g/kg | 90 to 30 min before every exercise session (8 weeks, 3 days per week) | Time to fatigue: significantly greater improvements in the group supplementing with sodium bicarbonate |
Egger et al. 2014 [36] | 21 well-trained cyclists | Stepwise incremental exercise tests and 30-min at 95% of the individual anaerobic threshold followed by 110% at individual anaerobic threshold until exhaustion | 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Maximal workload: ↔ Workload at 110% of individual anaerobic threshold: ↔ Time to fatigue: ↑ |
Farney et al. 2020 [37] | 11 recreationally trained men | Isometric mid-thigh pull after an exercise session consisting of barbell thrusters, squat jumps, lunge jumps, and forward jumps | 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Peak force: ↔ Rate of force development: ↔ |
Ferreira et al. 2019 [38] | 21 male cyclists | Cycling to exhaustion | 0.1 or 0.3 g/kg | 30 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↑ only with 0.3 g/kg |
Freis et al. 2017 [39] | 18 trained runners | Graded exercise test and 30-min at 95% of the individual anaerobic threshold followed by 110% at individual anaerobic threshold until exhaustion | 0.3 g/kg | 90 to 30 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↔ Maximum running speed: ↑ |
Froio De Araujo Dias et al. 2015 [40] | 15 physically active males | Cycling capacity test at 110% of maximum power output | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise (same protocol was repeated 4 times) | Total work: ↑ only in 1 out of the 4 testing sessions |
Gaitanos et al. 1991 [41] | 7 males | 10 × 6-s all-out running sprints (30-s rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 150 min before exercise | Mean power: ↔ Peak power: ↔ Mean running speed: ↔ Peak running speed: ↔ |
Gao et al. 1988 [42] | 10 well-trained male swimmers | 5 × 91.4 m swimming (2-min rest) | 0.29 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Swimming velocity: ↑ in swimming bouts 4 and 5 |
George et al. 1988 [43] | 7 males involved in competitive sports | Continuous running incremental test | 0.2 g/kg | 150 to 90 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↑ |
Goldfinch et al. 1988 [44] | 6 trained male athletes | 400-m running | 0.4 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Running time: ↓ |
Gough et al. 2017 [45] | 9 active males | 2 × cycling to exhaustion at peak mean minute power (90-min rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 30 min after the first cycling test | Time to fatigue: ↑ |
Gough et al. 2017 [46] | 11 trained male cyclists | 4-km cycling time trial | 0.2 or 0.3 g/kg | According to individualized ingestion timing (both protocols were repeated twice) | Cycling time: ↓ with 0.2 or 0.3 g/kg |
Gough et al. 2018 [47] | 10 male trained cyclists | 2 × 4-km cycling time trial (40-min rest) | 0.2 or 0.3 g/kg | According to individualized ingestion timing | Cycling time: ↓ in bout 1 and 2 only with 0.3 g/kg |
Gough et al. 2018 [48] | 11 trained male cyclists | 4-km cycling time trial | 0.2 or 0.3 g/kg | According to individualized ingestion timing | Cycling time: ↓ with 0.2 or 0.3 g/kg |
Gough et al. 2019 [49] | 7 elite male professional boxers | Boxing specific high-intensity interval running protocol, followed by 2 × high-intensity running to volitional exhaustion (75-min rest) and boxing specific punch combination protocol | 0.3 g/kg | 65 min after the first high-intensity run to exhaustion | Time to fatigue: ↑ |
Gough et al. 2019 [50] | 1 female and 13 male club level cyclists | 4-km cycling time trial in hypoxia | 0.2 or 0.3 g/kg | According to individualized ingestion timing | Cycling time: ↓ with 0.2 or 0.3 g/kg |
Gurton et al. 2020 [51] | 12 recreationally active males | 3 × 60-s cycling at 90%, 95%, and 100% of maximal aerobic power (90-s rest), followed by cycling to exhaustion at 105% of maximal aerobic power | 0.2 or 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Cycling time: ↓ with 0.2 or 0.3 g/kg Mean power: ↑ with 0.2 or 0.3 g/kg Mean speed: ↔ |
Higgins et al. 2013 [52] | 10 non-cycling trained males | Cycling to exhaustion at 100%, 110% and 120% peak mean minute power | 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Time to fatigue at 100%: ↑ Time to fatigue at 110%: ↔ Time to fatigue at 120%: ↔ |
Hilton et al. 2020 [53] | 11 trained male cyclists | 4-km cycling time trial | 0.3 g/kg | According to individualized ingestion timing (enteric-coated or gelatin capsules) | Cycling time: ↓ with enteric-coated and gelatin capsules Mean power: ↑ only with gelatin capsules |
Hobson et al. 2014 [54] | 20 male rowers | 2000-m rowing | 0.3 g/kg | 240 to 120 min before exercise | Rowing time: ↓ |
Horswill et al. 1988 [55] | 9 endurance-trained cyclists | 2-min cycling sprints | 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Total work: ↔ |
Inbar et al. 1983 [56] | 13 male physical education students | Wingate test | 10 g | 180 min before exercise | Mean power: ↑ Peak power: ↔ |
Iwaoka et al. 1989 [57] | 6 male physical education students | Cycling to exhaustion at 95% VO2max | 0.2 g/kg | 120 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↑ |
Jones et al. 1977 [58] | 5 males | Cycling at 95% of peak power output | 0.3 g/kg | 180 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↑ |
Joyce et al. 2012 [59] | 8 highly trained male swimmers | 200-m swimming (repeated on consecutive days) | Acute protocol: 0.3 g/kg Multiple-day protocol: 0.3 g/kg | Acute protocol: 120 to 90 min before exercise Multiple-day protocol: for 3 days before exercise | Swimming time: ↔ |
Katz et al. 1984 [60] | 8 males | Cycling to exhaustion at 125% of VO2max | 0.2 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↔ |
Kowalchuk et al. 1984 [61] | 6 males | Continuous incremental cycling test | 0.3 g/kg | 180 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↔ Peak power: ↔ |
Kozak-Collins et al. 1994 [62] | 7 female cyclists | Repeated cycling sprints at 95% of VO2max (1-min rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 120 to 105 min before exercise | Number of sprints: ↔ |
Krustrup et al. 2015 [63] | 13 trained males | Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 | 0.4 g/kg | 90 to 50 min before exercise | Distance covered: ↑ |
Kumstát et al. 2018 [64] | 6 nationally ranked male swimmers | 400-m swimming | 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Swimming time: ↔ |
Lavender et al. 1989 [65] | 8 females and 15 males | 10 × 10-s cycle sprints (50-s rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 120 to 60 min before exercise | Mean power: ↑ in 8 out of 10 sprints Peak power: ↑ in 2 out of 10 sprints |
Limmer et al. 2020 [66] | 2 female and 8 male recreationally active participants | Portable tethered sprint running | 0.3 g/kg | For 7 days before exercise | Peak force: ↔ Mean force: ↔ |
Lindh et al. 2008 [67] | 9 male elite-standard swimmers | 200-m swimming | 0.3 g/kg | 90 to 60 min before exercise | Swimming time: ↓ |
Lopes-Silva et al. 2018 [68] | 9 male taekwondo black belt athletes | 3 × 2-min taekwondo combat (1-min rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Total attack time: ↑ Attack time: ↔ Stepping time: ↔ Pause time: ↔ Stepping time sum: ↔ Pause time sum: ↔ Attack number: ↔ Stepping number: ↔ Pause number: ↔ |
Marriot et al. 2015 [69] | 12 male team-sport athletes | Arm-cranking exercise followed by Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 | 0.3 g/kg | 90 to 60 min before exercise | Distance covered: ↑ |
Marx et al. 2002 [70] | 10 males | 90-s maximal cycle test | 0.3 g/kg | 65 to 20 min before exercise | Mean power: ↔ Peak power: ↔ |
Materko et al. 2008 [71] | 11 resistance-trained men | Bench press and pull press 10RM | 0.3 g/kg | 120 min before exercise | Weight lifted: ↔ |
Matsuura et al. 2007 [72] | 8 male undergraduate students | 10 × 10-s cycle sprints (30-s or 360-s rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 180 to 120 min before exercise | Mean power: ↔ Peak power: ↔ |
Maughan et al. 1986 [73] | 10 males | Isometric knee extension | 0.3 g/kg | 180 min before exercise | MVC: ↔ Time to maintain 20% of MVC: ↑ Time to maintain 50% of MVC: ↔ Time to maintain 80% of MVC: ↔ |
McCartney et al. 1983 [74] | 6 males | Constant-velocity cycling for 30 s | 0.3 g/kg | 180 min before exercise | Mean power: ↔ Peak power: ↔ Total work: ↔ Rate of mean power decline: ↔ |
McKenzie et al. 1986 [75] | 6 males athletes | 5 × 1-min cycling (1-min rest), 6th sprint was to exhaustion | 0.15 or 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↑ with 0.15 or 0.3 g/kg |
McNaughton et al. 1991 [76] | 8 trained male cyclists | 60-s cycling | 0.4 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Total work: ↑ Peak power: ↑ |
McNaughton 1992 [77] | 9 males | 60-s cycling | 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, or 0.5 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Total work: ↑ with doses from 0.2 to 0.5 g/kg Peak power: ↑ with doses from 0.3 to 0.5 g/kg |
McNaughton 1992 [78] | 32 males (8 in each group) | 10-s, 30-s, 120-s, or 240-s cycling | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Total work 10-s cycling: ↔ Total work 30-s cycling: ↔ Total work 120-s cycling: ↑ Total work 240-s cycling: ↑ Peak power 10-s cycling: ↔ Peak power 30-s cycling: ↔ Peak power 120-s cycling: ↑ Peak power 240-s cycling: ↑ |
McNaughton et al. 1997 [79] | 10 moderately trained females | 60-s cycling | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Total work: ↑ Peak power: ↑ |
McNaughton et al. 1999 [80] | 10 well-trained men | 1-h cycling | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Mean power: ↑ Peak power: ↔ Total work: ↑ |
McNaughton et al. 1999 [81] | 7 participants | 60-s cycling | 0.5 g/kg | For 5 days before exercise | Peak power: ↑ Total work: ↑ |
McNaughton et al. 2000 [82] | 2 females and 6 males | 3 × Wingate test (30-s rest) | 0.5 g/kg | For 5 days before exercise | Peak power: ↑ in Wingate bout 1 and 2 Total work: ↑ in Wingate bout 1 and 2 |
McNaughton et al. 2001 [83] | 8 males | 90-s cycling on three consecutive days | Acute protocol: 0.5 g/kg Multiple-day protocol: 0.5 g/kg | Acute protocol: 90 min before exercise Multiple-day protocol: for 5 days before exercise | Total work day 1: ↑ with both protocols Total work day 2: ↑ only with multiple-day protocol Total work day 3: ↑ only with multiple-day protocol |
Miller et al. 2016 [84] | 11 male active team and individual sport athletes | 10 × 6-s sprints (60-s rest) | 0.3 g/kg | According to individualized ingestion timing | Total work: ↑ Peak power: ↔ |
Mündel 2018 [85] | 10 male team sport athletes | 2 × Wingate test (5-min rest) | 0.5 g/kg | Ingested at 4 h intervals starting at 9 h before exercise | Total work: ↑ in Wingate bout 2 Peak power: ↔ |
Mueller et al. 2013 [86] | 8 trained male cyclists and triathletes | Cycling time to exhaustion at critical power | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise (same protocol was repeated 5 times) | Time to fatigue: ↑ in all 5 testing sessions |
Northgraves et al. 2014 [87] | 7 recreationally active men | 40-km cycling time trial | 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Cycling time: ↔ |
Oliveira et al. 2017 [88] | 18 male rugby, judo, and jiu-jitsu athletes | 4 × modified upper body Wingate test (3-min rest) | 0.5 g/kg | For 5 days before exercise | Total work (all bout): ↑ Total work Wingate bout 1: ↔ Total work Wingate bout 2: ↔ Total work Wingate bout 3: ↑ Total work Wingate bout 4: ↑ |
Parry-Billings et al. 1986 [89] | 6 males | 3 × Wingate test (6-min rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 150 min before exercise | Mean power: ↔ Peak power: ↔ |
Peart et al. 2011 [90] | 7 physically active males | 4-min cycling | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Total work: ↔ Mean power: ↔ Peak power: ↔ |
Peinado et al. 2018 [91] | 12 elite male BMX cyclists | 3 × BMX Olympic track races (15-min rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Event time: ↔ Time to peak velocity: ↔ Peak velocity: ↔ |
Pierce et al. 1992 [92] | 7 male varsity swimmers | 91.4-m and 182.8-m swimming | 0.2 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Swimming time: ↔ |
Potteiger et al. 1996 [93] | 7 male runners | 30-min treadmill running at the lactate threshold followed by running to exhaustion at 110% of lactate threshold | 0.3 g/kg | 120 min before exercise | Running time: ↔ |
Price et al. 2003 [94] | 8 aerobically trained men | 10 × 14-s cycle sprints (166-s rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Peak power: sodium bicarbonate ingestion attenuated the decline in peak power |
Price et al. 2010 [95] | 8 aerobically trained men | 20 × 24-s sprints (36 to 60-s rest) followed by running to exhaustion at velocity during 120% of VO2max | 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Running time: ↔ Running distance: ↔ |
Raymer et al. 2004 [96] | 6 males | Wrist flexion to fatigue | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↑ |
Robertson et al. 1987 [97] | 10 male university students | Ergometer tasks for upper-body, lower-body, or combined upper and lower-body | 0.3 g/kg | 120 to 105 min before exercise | Total work: ↑ in all exercise tests |
Saunders et al. 2014 [98] | 21 recreationally active males | Cycling capacity test at 110% of maximum power output | 0.3 g/kg | 240 to 120 min before exercise | Total work: ↑ only when considering data among the participants that did not experience side-effects |
Schauf et al. 1996 [99] | 12 moderately trained females | Repeated 1-min cycle at 110% VO2peak to exhaustion (9-min rest) | 0.1 g/kg or 0.2 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↑ only with 0.2 g/kg |
Siegler et al. 2010 [100] | 10 amateur boxers | 4 × 3-min boxing rounds (1-min rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Punch efficacy: ↑ |
Siegler et al. 2010 [101] | 9 active males | 3 × 30-s runs (3-min rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 75 to 60 min before exercise | Average running speed: ↑ in bout 3 Peak running speed: ↔ |
Siegler et al. 2010 [102] | 8 female and 6 male swimmers | 8 × 25-m swimming (5-s rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 150 min before exercise | Swimming time: ↓ |
Siegler et al. 2012 [103] | 8 recreationally active males | 10 × 10-s sprints (50-s rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 60, 120, or 180 min before exercise | Average speed: ↔ Average power: ↔ Total distance: ↔ |
Siegler et al. 2013 [104] | 2 female and 8 male cyclists | 30-s sprints at 120% peak power output until exhaustion (30-s rest) and isometric knee extension | 0.3 g/kg | 90 to 30 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↔ MVC: ↔ Rate of force development: ↑ |
Siegler et al. 2015 [105] | 8 recreationally active males | Submaximal calf contractions at 55 % of MVC, and MVC during the rest interval | 0.3 g/kg | 90 to 30 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↔ MVC: ↔ |
Siegler et al. 2015 [106] | 11 recreationally active men | Knee extension with and without cuffs | 0.3 g/kg | 90 to 30 min before exercise | MVC: ↔ Rate of torque development: ↑ |
Siegler et al. 2016 [107] | 10 resistance-trained men | Plantar flexion and elbow extension | 0.3 g/kg | 90 to 30 min before exercise | MVC: ↔ Rate of torque development: ↔ |
Siegler et al. 2018 [108] | 6 male and 2 female resistance-trained participants | Knee extension | 0.3 g/kg | 90 to 30 min before exercise (acute protocol) and before every exercise session (10 weeks, 2 days per week) | Number of repetitions: ↔ MVC: ↔ 1RM: ↔ Rate of torque production: ↑ |
Sostaric et al. 2006 [109] | 4 untrained females and 5 untrained males | Finger flexion | 0.3 g/kg | 180 to 120 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↑ Mean force: ↔ Mean power: ↔ |
Stephens et al. 2002 [110] | 7 endurance-trained men | 30-min of cycling exercise followed by ~30-min of cycling at ~80% of VO2peak | 0.3 g/kg | 120 to 90 min before exercise | Cycling time: ↔ |
Sutton et al. 1981 [111] | 5 males | Cycling at 95% of peak power output | 0.3 g/kg | 180 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↑ |
Tan et al. 2010 [112] | 12 elite players from the Australian National Women’s Water Polo Squad | 56 × 10-m maximal-sprint swimming (17-s to 5-min rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Mean sprint time: ↔ |
Tanaka et al. 2018 [113] | 6 male students | Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 | 0.2 g/kg | 60 to 20 min before exercise | Distance covered: ↔ |
Van Montfoort et al. 2004 [114] | 15 competitive male endurance runners | Running to exhaustion | 0.3 g/kg | 180 to 90 min before exercise | Time to fatigue: ↑ |
Vanhatalo et al. 2010 [115] | 8 habitually active males | 3-min all-out cycling | 0.3 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Total work: ↔ Work done above critical power: ↔ |
Verbitsky et al. 1997 [116] | 6 males | Cycling at 117% of VO2max followed by functional electrical stimulation | 0.4 g/kg | 60 min before exercise | Normalized torque: ↑ |
Wang et al. 2019 [117] | 20 college-age males | Wingate test | 0.2 g/kg | 90 to 60 min before every exercise session (6 weeks, 3 days per week) | Mean power: ↔ Peak power: significantly greater improvements in the group supplementing with sodium bicarbonate |
Webster et al. 1993 [118] | 6 resistance-trained men | 5 sets of leg press at 70% of 1RM (90-s rest), 5th set was to failure | 0.3 g/kg | 105 min before exercise | Number of repetitions: ↔ |
Wilkes et al. 1983 [119] | 6 male varsity track athletes | 800-m running | 0.3 g/kg | 120 min before exercise | Running time: ↓ |
Wu et al. 2010 [120] | 9 male college tennis players | 2 × Loughborough Tennis Skill Tests and stimulated tennis match | 0.3 g/kg | 70 min before the first Loughborough Tennis Skill Tests and 0.1 g/kg ingested immediately before the second Loughborough Tennis Skill Tests | Service consistency: ↑ Ground stroke forehand: ↑ Accuracy of service: ↔ Ground stroke total: ↔ Ground stroke backhand: ↔ |
Yong et al. 2018 [121] | 8 male swimmers | 200-m swimming | 0.2 or 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Swimming time: ↓ with 0.2 or 0.3 g/kg |
Zabala et al. 2008 [122] | 9 elite male BMX riders | 3 × Wingate test (30-min rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Peak power: ↔ Time to peak power: ↔ Mean power: ↔ |
Zabala et al. 2011 [123] | 10 elite male BMX riders | 3 × Wingate test (15-min rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Peak power: ↔ Time to peak power: ↔ Mean power: ↔ |
Zajac et al. 2009 [124] | 8 youth male swimmers | 4 × 50-m swimming (1-min rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Swimming speed: ↑ in bout 1 Swimming time: ↓ |
Zinner et al. 2011 [125] | 11 aerobically well-trained men | 4 × Wingate test (5-min rest) | 0.3 g/kg | 90 min before exercise | Mean power: ↑ in Wingate bouts 3 and 4 Peak power: ↔ |