Table 1 Low taurine supplementation studies to date and outcomes

Balshaw et al. [2]

8

1

Placebo or a 1000 mg T (capsule) 2 h ingestion period

↑ 3KTT performance (TA 646.6 ± 52.8 s and PL 658.5 ± 58.2 s) equating to a 1.7% improvement; ↑ Relative oxygen uptake, HR, RPE. No change in blood lactate between conditions

Kammerer et al. [36]

14

1

Four beverages drinking 250 ml of one of the following: one with 80 mg caffeine, one with 1000 mg taurine, one with 80 mg caffeine plus 1000 mg taurine, a commercial energy drink (Red Bull®) or a placebo drink 10–15 min prior to a maximal exercise bout

Combination of caffeine (80 mg) + taurine (1000 mg) in an energy drink prior to exercise results in no effects on cardiorespiratory fitness indices (VO₂max, HRmax, TTE), strength (RHS and LHS), power (VJ), concentration (Grid) and immediate memory (Digits); No significance of taurine alone on aerobic parameters

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11

0.5

Taurine (50 mg kg − 1) or placebo (3 mg kg − 1 maltodextrin) 2 h prior to exercise

↑ TTE by 10% (25.16 min vs. 22.43 min, p = 0.040), end sweat rate by 12.7% and ↓ [La] by 16.5%. Core temperature ↓ in the final 10% of the time to exhaustion (38.5 °C vs. 38.1 °C, p = 0.049); ↓ RPE

Rutherford et al. [64]

11

1.66

Consumed a noncaloric sweetened beverage with either 1.66 g of T or nothing added (P) 1 h before exercise

No difference in TT performance between any of the 3 trials; Average carbohydrate and fat oxidation rates were unaffected; 16% ↑ (5 g, ~ 84 kJ; p < .05) total fat oxidation

Waldron et al. 2018 [80]

9

0.5

High cadence (90 r/min) + taurine (50 mg/kg body mass); high cadence + placebo (3 mg/kg body mass maltodextrin); low cadence (50 r/min) + taurine; low cadence + placebo 1.5 h prior to exercise

↓ HR vs. placebo prior to the ramp test; ↑ blood lactate in taurine conditions; ↑ end-test power in taurine conditions

Waldron et al. 2019 [81]

12

0.5

Participants were allocated to one of four conditions, separated by 72 h: TTE + taurine; TTE + P; 3MAOT + taurine; 3MAOT + placebo 1.5 h prior to exercise

↑ CP (P < 0.05) (212 ± 36 W) than baseline (197 ± 40 W) and placebo (193 ± 35 W); Work and power not affected; ↑ TTE 5% > CP increased by 1.7 min after TAU (17.7 min) compared to placebo (16.0 min); ↑ estimated time across all work targets

Ward et al. [83]

11

1

Trials were performed two hours after the consumption of either 1000 mg of TAU or placebo (P)

↓ of TAU on performance; no effect on VO₂, lactate, pH, or HCO3

Warnock et al. [85]

7

0.5

C (5 mg/kg/ BM), T (50 mg/kg/ BM), C + T (5 mg/kg/ BM + 50 mg/kg/ BM) or P (5, 49 mg/kg BM) in a gelatin capsule 1 h prior to exercise

↑ in anerobic performance compared to P, C or C + T, 63