Table 7 General characteristics of the studies included (Exercise characteristics as aerobic-based)

[45]

Randomized single-blind crossover

6 M: age 24 ± 4 y, height: 1.81 ± 0.10 m, and BM: 73.92 ± 11.46 kg)

4 mmol•kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or NaAc

Divided into two equal doses with 45 min interval

Last dose ingested 90 min before trial as NR once

Cycling for 120 min at 119 ± 16 W (~ 50% VO₂peak)

↑blood glucose and ↑Fat oxidation vs. NaAc (3.59 ± 0.45 and 0.11 ± 0.03 vs. 3,21 ± 0.43 and 0.07 ± 0.02)

=VO₂, =VCO₂, =RER, =BLa vs. NaAc

NR

[46]

Randomized double-blind crossover

8 M: well-trained cyclists and triathletes, age: 31.4 ± 8.8 y, height: 184.6 ± 6.5 cm, BM: 74.1 ± 7.4 kg,

0.3 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or 0.045 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaCI (PLA)

Ingested 90 min before the trial as tablets for 5 consecutive days

Maintain constant-load cycling at ‘CP’ as long as possible

↑HCO₃⁻, ↑pH and ↑ABE vs. PLA (32.6 ± 2.7, 7.48 ± 0.02 and 8.3 ± 2.3 vs. 26 ± 1.1, 7.43 ± 0.02 and 2.0 ± 09), =Na⁺, =VO₂, =VCO₂, =RER and = HR vs. PLA

=CP vs. PLA

↑TTE (23.5%)

[30]

Double-blind counterbalanced

11 trained cyclists,

age: 35.7 ± 7.1 y,

BM: 74.7 ± 10.0 kg,

height: 1.75 ± 0.10 m

0.15 g•kg^− 1 BM of NH₄CI or 0.03 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or 0.15 g•kg^− 1 BM of CaCO₃ (PLA)

Ingested 100 min before the trial in gelatin capsules once

4-km cycling

↑pH vs. PLA (7.3 ± 0.1 vs. 7.2 ± 0.07), =HCO₃⁻, =BE, =BLa, =VO₂, =VCO₂, =PO₂, =PCO₂ and = RPE vs. PLA

=PO, =Anaerobic PO and = Aerobic PO vs. PLA

[47]

Randomized double-blind crossover

21(16 M, 5F) well-trained cyclists: age: 24 ± 8 y, BMI: 21.3 ± 1.7 kg/m²

0.3 g·kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or 4 g NaCI (PLA)

Ingested 2 h–1 h before the trial as NR once

30 min cycling at 95% IAT followed by exercising at 110% IAT until exhaustion

↑HCO₃⁻, ↑pH and ↑BE vs. PLA (27.6 ± 1.7, 7.45 ± 0.03 and 3.1 ± 1.6 vs. 21.4 ± 2, 7.38 ± 0.03 and − 2.6 ± 1.7), =BLa. =HR, =PCO₂,

↓PO₂ vs. PLA (83.4 ± 6.5 vs. 88 ± 6.2)

↑TTE vs. PLA (49.5 ± 11.5 min vs. 45.0 ± 9.5 min)

[48]

Randomized single-blind crossover

8F elite hockey players, age: 23 ± 5 y, BM: 62.6 ± 8.4 kg, Height: 1.66 ± 0.05 m

0.3 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or 0.02 g•kg^− 1 BM of maltodextrin (PLA)

Ingested 2/3 of NaHCO₃ 180 min before and 1/3 90 min before the trials in gelatin capsules once

FSHT+ 2 LIST+FSHT+ 10 min recovery+ 2 LIST+FHST, about 75 min total

↑HCO₃⁻, ↑pH and ↑BE vs. PLA (21.7 ± 2.9, 7.41 ± 0.05 and − 2.3 ± 3.1 vs. 16.8 ± 1.6, 7.34 ± 0.06 and − 7.9 ± 1.8), =Bla, =glucose, =HR vs. PLA

= Performance time and = Sprint time vs. PLA

[49]

Randomized double-blind crossover

9 M, college tennis players

age 21.8 ± 2.4 y; height 1.73 ± 0.07 m

0.3 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaHCO₃ or 0.209 g•kg^− 1 BM of NaCI (PLA)

Ingested before 90 min of trial as NR for once

Tennis simulated match, about 50 min

↑HCO₃⁻ and ↑BE vs. PLA (37.98 ± 3.15 and 11.36 ± 3.7 vs. 26.37 ± 3.5 and 0.12 ± 2.15), =pH, =BLa, =hematocrit, =HR and = RPE vs. PLA

= Sport skill performance vs. PLA