Low-fat, lactose-free and leucine-enriched chocolate cow milk prototype: A preliminary study on sensorial acceptability and gastrointestinal complaints following exhaustive exercise

Table 1 Prevalence of severe gastrointestinal complaints during experimental chocolate cow’s milk supplementation

Complaint	post-FMP	1-h post-intake	2-h post-intake	3-h post-intake	4-h post-intake	p-value
bloating	0 [0.0; − 0.29, 0.29]	0 [0.0; − 0.29, 0.29]	3(30%) [0.3; − 0.16, 0.66]	1(10%) ^b [0.1; − 0.26, 0.43]	0 [0.0; − 0.29, 0.29]	0.051
nausea	0 [0.0; − 0.29, 0.29]	0 [0.0; − 0.29, 0.29]	2(20%) ^a [0.2; − 0.21, 0.55]	0 [0.0; − 0.29, 0.29]	0 [0.0; − 0.29, 0.29]	0.127
flatulence	0 [0.0; − 0.29, 0.29]	0 [0.0; − 0.29, 0.29]	1(10%) ^a [0.1; − 0.26, 0.43]	0 [0.0; − 0.29, 0.29]	0 [0.0; − 0.29, 0.29]	0.833
gastric reflux	0 [0.0; −0.29, 0.29]	0 [0.0; − 0.29, 0.29]	2(20%) ^a [0.2; − 0.21, 0.55]	0 [0.0; − 0.29, 0.29]	0 [0.0; − 0.29, 0.29]	0.127

Results are given as absolute and relative prevalence values, n (%) [estimates; lower and upper confidence limits with 95% confidence interval] calculated by the Agresti-Caffo add-4 CI (Agresti & Caffo, 2000) [38] considering the difference of proportions in each time point versus baseline condition using the multivariate normal distribution (Dunnett) standard normal quantiles. Prevalence was registered when a score of “5” or higher arbitrary unit (out of “10”) was informed. P-value calculated from the maximum of test statistics with unpooled variance estimators. Prevalence criterion used was supported by Jeukendrup et al. (2000) [35]. FMP = football match simulation protocol. ^aconcomitance with bloating. ^bfollow-up symptom

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