Fig. 3
Squat Performance. Values for isokinetic and isometric performance on the mechanized squat device are displayed, with both time points occurring after beverage ingestion. Pre-RE tests were performed following the second indirect calorimetry assessment and prior to the resistance exercise (RE) testing, while post-RE tests occurred immediately after RE (leg press) testing. Values are displayed for peak concentric force (PFCON; panel a), peak eccentric force (PFECC; panel b), peak isometric force at the 120-degree knee angle (PFISO120; panel c), peak isometric force at the 150-degree knee angle (PFISO150; panel d), peak rate of force development at the 120-degree knee angle (RFD120; panel e), and peak rate of force development at the 150-degree knee angle (RFD150; panel f). Data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures, along with Tukey post-hoc comparisons. A main effect of time was present for PFISO120 (p < 0.001, ηP2 = 0.65), along with a trend for a main effect of condition (p = 0.07, ηP2 = 0.19). Additionally, a main effect of time was present for RFD150 (p = 0.028, ηP2 = 0.28). Error bars indicate the 95% confidence intervals for within-subjects SE due to the repeated-measures design of this study [24, 28]