Effects of supplementing with an 18% carbohydrate-hydrogel drink versus a placebo during whole-body exercise in −5 °C with elite cross-country ski athletes: a crossover study

Table 2 Mean ± SD RER and substrate oxidation (g min^− 1·kg LBM^− 1·10^− 2) during the second hour of submaximal exercise (60–120 min)

	Females (n = 6)		Males (n = 6)		All (n = 12)		Two-way ANOVA P value (_pη²)
	PLA	CHO-HG	PLA	CHO-HG	PLA	CHO-HG	Time	Trial	Interaction
RER	0.83 ± 0.02	0.87 ± 0.02**	0.85 ± 0.01	0.87 ± 0.01*	0.84 ± 0.01	0.87 ± 0.01	0.831 (0.011)	< 0.0001 (0.813)	0.042 (0.217)
FAT	95.4 ± 8.3	75.7 ± 7.2**	90.0 ± 9.5	77.4 ± 5.5*	92.6 ± 8.9	76.6 ± 6.2	0.749 (0.019)	< 0.0001 (0.833)	0.040 (0.220)
CHO_total	199.1 ± 33.0	250.7 ± 30.8*	231.4 ± 26.5	262.4 ± 30.5*	215.2 ± 31.2	256.5 ± 29.9	0.875 (0.009)	< 0.0001 (0.772)	0.089 (0.177)
CHO_exo	–	128.3 ± 30.2	–	122.1 ± 17.9	–	125.2 ± 23.9	< 0.0001 (0.792)	–	–
CHO_endo	199.1 ± 33.0	122.4 ± 34.7**	231.4 ± 26.5	140.3 ± 33.0*	215.2 ± 31.2	131.4 ± 33.6	0.013 (0.347)	< 0.0001 (0.909)	0.013 (0.275)

Significant *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.0001 main effect of trial (PLA vs. CHO-HG) for within-group comparisons (e.g., females and males, respectively); ANOVA analysis of variance, _pη² partial Eta-squared, PLA placebo, CHO-HG carbohydrate-hydrogel, RER respiratory exchange ratio, FAT fat oxidation, CHO_total total carbohydrate oxidation, CHO_endo endogenous carbohydrate oxidation, CHO_exo exogenous carbohydrate oxidation. Significant P-value (< 0.05) is displayed in bold

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