From: Exercise capacity of vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian and omnivorous recreational runners
 | OMN (n = 26) | P value OMN-LOV | LOV (n = 26) | P value LOV-VEG | VEG (n = 24) | P value OMN-VEG | P value 3 groups | Reference values* (m/f) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy intake, MJ | 9.49 ± 3.52 | – | 9.04 ± 3.73 | – | 9.17 ± 3.53 | – | 0.898a |  |
Macronutrients | ||||||||
 Carbohydrate, EN% | 49.4 ± 10.7 | n.s. | 48.7 ± 9.96 | 0.008c | 58.9 ± 14.3 | 0.016c | 0.004a | 50–55 |
 Carbohydrate, g/kg BW | 3.87 ± 1.34 | – | 3.76 ± 1.55 | – | 4.66 ± 1.79 | – | 0.095a |  |
 Protein, EN% | 17.0 ± 6.13 | – | 16.5 ± 7.42 | – | 13.9 ± 3.97 | – | 0.202b | 12–15 |
 Protein, g/kg BW | 1.37 ± 0.65 | – | 1.29 ± 0.81 | – | 1.10 ± 0.57 | – | 0.252b | 0.8 |
 Fat, EN% | 32.2 ± 11.1 | n.s. | 32.7 ± 9.63 | 0.026c | 24.8 ± 10.6 | 0.043c | 0.015a | 30–35 |
 Fiber, g | 29.6 ± 15.0 | n.s. | 31.6 ± 12.9 | < 0.001c | 52.1 ± 23.6 | < 0.001c | < 0.001a | ≥ 30 |
Minerals | ||||||||
 Sodium, g | 2.85 ± 1.89 | n.s. | 2.23 ± 1.23 | 0.036c | 1.40 ± 1.00 | 0.003c | 0.003b | 1.5 |
 Potassium, g | 3.03 ± 1.14 | n.s. | 3.07 ± 1.14 | n.s. | 4.38 ± 2.08 | 0.041c | 0.031b | 4d |
 Calcium, mg | 1102 ± 619 | n.s. | 1252 ± 546 | 0.035c | 903 ± 554 | n.s. | 0.042b | 1000 |
 Magnesium, mg | 429 ± 144 | n.s. | 443 ± 161 | 0.014c | 639 ± 294 | 0.008c | 0.004b | 350/300 |
 Iron, mg | 15.3 ± 11.9 | n.s. | 12.7 ± 5.35 | 0.029c | 18.4 ± 7.86 | n.s. | 0.018b | 10/15 |
 Zinc, mg | 12.0 ± 6.16 | – | 10.1 ± 3.93 | – | 10.4 ± 4.99 | – | 0.752b | 10/7 |
 Phosphorus, mg | 1444 ± 674 | – | 1458 ± 685 | – | 1341 ± 634 | – | 0.871b | 700 |
 Copper, mg | 2.12 ± 1.55 | n.s. | 2.15 ± 0.81 | n.s. | 2.90 ± 1.25 | 0.002c | 0.002b | 1.0–1.5 |
Vitamins | ||||||||
 Thiamine, mg | 1.42 ± 0.80 | n.s. | 1.39 ± 1.22 | 0.036c | 1.82 ± 0.85 | n.s. | 0.037b | 1.2/1.0 |
 Riboflavin, mg | 1.58 ± 1.17 | – | 1.80 ± 1.58 | – | 1.23 ± 0.66 | – | 0.346b | 1.4/1.1 |
 Niacin, mg | 35.4 ± 23.5 | – | 30.7 ± 20.1 | – | 31.1 ± 14.1 | – | 0.677b | 15/12 |
 Pyridoxine, mg | 2.00 ± 1.84 | n.s. | 1.71 ± 1.62 | 0.034c | 2.32 ± 1.23 | n.s. | 0.033b | 1.5/1.2 |
 Cobalamin, μg | 5.05 ± 5.44 | n.s. | 3.61 ± 3.12 | < 0.001c | 0.76 ± 0.34 | < 0.001c | < 0.001b | 4 |
 Biotin, μg | 53.7 ± 39.6 | n.s. | 63.2 ± 44.5 | n.s. | 72.5 ± 31.4 | 0.017c | 0.021b | 30-60d |
 Pantothenic acid, mg | 5.73 ± 5.21 | – | 6.15 ± 6.13 | – | 5.92 ± 3.23 | – | 0.298b | 6d |
 Folate, μg | 303 ± 196 | n.s. | 346 ± 244 | 0.025c | 452 ± 177 | 0.002c | 0.002b | 300 |
 Retinol equivalents, mg | 1.41 ± 1.53 | – | 1.74 ± 1.50 | – | 2.21 ± 2.68 | – | 0.314b | 1.0/0.8 |
 Ascorbic acid, mg | 140 ± 151 | n.s. | 148 ± 142 | n.s. | 237 ± 165 | 0.024c | 0.018b | 110/95 |
 Vitamin D, μg | 1.97 ± 3.30 | – | 2.07 ± 1.87 | – | 1.32 ± 1.84 | – | 0.129b | 20 |
 Vitamin E, mg | 11.7 ± 6.44 | n.s. | 13.3 ± 10.8 | 0.032c | 21.1 ± 13.6 | 0.018c | 0.009b | 14/12d |