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Table 2 Nutrient intake of the study population determined via 24 h dietary recall

From: Exercise capacity of vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian and omnivorous recreational runners

 

OMN

(n = 26)

P value

OMN-LOV

LOV

(n = 26)

P value

LOV-VEG

VEG

(n = 24)

P value

OMN-VEG

P value

3 groups

Reference values* (m/f)

Energy intake, MJ

9.49 ± 3.52

–

9.04 ± 3.73

–

9.17 ± 3.53

–

0.898a

 

Macronutrients

 Carbohydrate, EN%

49.4 ± 10.7

n.s.

48.7 ± 9.96

0.008c

58.9 ± 14.3

0.016c

0.004a

50–55

 Carbohydrate, g/kg BW

3.87 ± 1.34

–

3.76 ± 1.55

–

4.66 ± 1.79

–

0.095a

 

 Protein, EN%

17.0 ± 6.13

–

16.5 ± 7.42

–

13.9 ± 3.97

–

0.202b

12–15

 Protein, g/kg BW

1.37 ± 0.65

–

1.29 ± 0.81

–

1.10 ± 0.57

–

0.252b

0.8

 Fat, EN%

32.2 ± 11.1

n.s.

32.7 ± 9.63

0.026c

24.8 ± 10.6

0.043c

0.015a

30–35

 Fiber, g

29.6 ± 15.0

n.s.

31.6 ± 12.9

< 0.001c

52.1 ± 23.6

< 0.001c

< 0.001a

≥ 30

Minerals

 Sodium, g

2.85 ± 1.89

n.s.

2.23 ± 1.23

0.036c

1.40 ± 1.00

0.003c

0.003b

1.5

 Potassium, g

3.03 ± 1.14

n.s.

3.07 ± 1.14

n.s.

4.38 ± 2.08

0.041c

0.031b

4d

 Calcium, mg

1102 ± 619

n.s.

1252 ± 546

0.035c

903 ± 554

n.s.

0.042b

1000

 Magnesium, mg

429 ± 144

n.s.

443 ± 161

0.014c

639 ± 294

0.008c

0.004b

350/300

 Iron, mg

15.3 ± 11.9

n.s.

12.7 ± 5.35

0.029c

18.4 ± 7.86

n.s.

0.018b

10/15

 Zinc, mg

12.0 ± 6.16

–

10.1 ± 3.93

–

10.4 ± 4.99

–

0.752b

10/7

 Phosphorus, mg

1444 ± 674

–

1458 ± 685

–

1341 ± 634

–

0.871b

700

 Copper, mg

2.12 ± 1.55

n.s.

2.15 ± 0.81

n.s.

2.90 ± 1.25

0.002c

0.002b

1.0–1.5

Vitamins

 Thiamine, mg

1.42 ± 0.80

n.s.

1.39 ± 1.22

0.036c

1.82 ± 0.85

n.s.

0.037b

1.2/1.0

 Riboflavin, mg

1.58 ± 1.17

–

1.80 ± 1.58

–

1.23 ± 0.66

–

0.346b

1.4/1.1

 Niacin, mg

35.4 ± 23.5

–

30.7 ± 20.1

–

31.1 ± 14.1

–

0.677b

15/12

 Pyridoxine, mg

2.00 ± 1.84

n.s.

1.71 ± 1.62

0.034c

2.32 ± 1.23

n.s.

0.033b

1.5/1.2

 Cobalamin, μg

5.05 ± 5.44

n.s.

3.61 ± 3.12

< 0.001c

0.76 ± 0.34

< 0.001c

< 0.001b

4

 Biotin, μg

53.7 ± 39.6

n.s.

63.2 ± 44.5

n.s.

72.5 ± 31.4

0.017c

0.021b

30-60d

 Pantothenic acid, mg

5.73 ± 5.21

–

6.15 ± 6.13

–

5.92 ± 3.23

–

0.298b

6d

 Folate, μg

303 ± 196

n.s.

346 ± 244

0.025c

452 ± 177

0.002c

0.002b

300

 Retinol equivalents, mg

1.41 ± 1.53

–

1.74 ± 1.50

–

2.21 ± 2.68

–

0.314b

1.0/0.8

 Ascorbic acid, mg

140 ± 151

n.s.

148 ± 142

n.s.

237 ± 165

0.024c

0.018b

110/95

 Vitamin D, μg

1.97 ± 3.30

–

2.07 ± 1.87

–

1.32 ± 1.84

–

0.129b

20

 Vitamin E, mg

11.7 ± 6.44

n.s.

13.3 ± 10.8

0.032c

21.1 ± 13.6

0.018c

0.009b

14/12d

  1. OMN = omnivorous athletes, LOV = lacto-ovo-vegetarian athletes, VEG = vegan athletes, MJ = mega joule, BW = body weight, n.s. = not significant
  2. *Reference values of the German, Austrian and Swiss Nutrition Societies [39]. Nutrient intake excluding supplement intake. Data are presented as mean (SD)
  3. aOne-way ANOVA
  4. bKruskal Wallis test
  5. cPost hoc test
  6. dEstimated values