Skip to main content

Table 3 Dietary restrictions, reasons for avoiding foods and gastrointestinal symptoms while training

From: Development of a questionnaire to assess dietary restrictions runners use to mitigate gastrointestinal symptoms

Variable

% Observed Agreement

Kappa

95% CI

PABAK

PI

BI

Foods Avoided

 Gluten free grain/cereal

94.87

−.03

−.09–0.04

.90

.95

.00

 Legumes

94.87

.72

.36–1.00

.90

.79

.00

 Water

97.44

.00

.00–1.00

.95

.97

.03

 Grains

87.18

.38

−.04–.80

.74

.77

.08

 Meat

82.05

.49

.17–.80

.64

.56

.13

 Sports bar/gel

84.62

.17

−.25–.59

.69

.79

.05

 Starchy vegetable

84.62

.16

−.26–.59

.69

.79

.00

 Poultry

89.74

.55

.18–.92

.79

.74

.10

 Sports drink

84.62

.44

.09–0.78

.69

.69

.15

 Cold breakfast cereal

94.87

.48

−.12–1.00

.90

.90

.05

 Fish/seafood

84.62

.48

.13–.83

.69

.64

.05

 Juice

84.62

.41

.02–.80

.69

.69

.00

 Hot cereal

89.74

.28

−.22–.79

.79

.85

.05

 Nuts

94.87

−.03

−.09–.04

.90

.95

.00

 Fruit/vegetable smoothie

94.87

.72

.37–1.00

.90

.79

.05

 Milk products

87.18

.69

.44–.94

.74

.41

.03

 Eggs

92.31

.54

.09–.98

.85

.82

.08

 Coffee or tea

82.05

.51

.20–.83

.64

.51

.03

 Lactose-free milk

94.87

.47

−.15–1.00

.90

.90

.00

 Fruit

94.87

.00

.00–1.00

.90

.95

.05

 Energy drink

82.05

.49

.17–.80

.64

.56

.13

 Almond milk

92.31

−.04

−.11–.04

.85

.92

.03

 Vegetables

94.87

.48

−.12–1.00

.90

.90

.05

 Chocolate

82.05

.42

.07–.78

.64

.62

.03

 Coconut milk

92.31

−.04

−.11–.04

.85

.92

.03

 High fiber foods

84.62

.33

−.07–.72

.69

.74

.10

 Soy milk

84.62

.17

−.25–.59

.69

.79

.05

 Don’t avoid foods

79.49

.56

.30–.82

.59

.28

.10

Reasons for Avoiding Foods

 Routine

89.74

.44

−.01–.90

.79

.79

.00

 Experience

87.18

.75

.55–.95

.74

.05

.13

 Personal preference

82.05

.60

.34–.87

.64

.31

.03

 Advice

97.44

.79

.38–1.00

.95

.87

.03

 Superstition

97.44

.00

.00–1.00

.95

.97

.03

Symptoms Experienced

 Stomach pain/cramps

84.62

.70

.48–.92

.69

.03

.10

 Diarrhea

92.31

.75

.49–1.00

.85

.62

.03

 Burping/belching

92.31

.53

.06–1.00

.85

.82

.03

 Nausea/vomiting

94.87

.64

.18–1.00

.90

.85

.00

 Side ache/stitch

79.49

.37

.02–.72

.59

.59

.00

 Intestinal issues

84.62

.60

.31–.89

.69

.49

.05

 Urge to defecate

89.74

.72

.46–.97

.79

.54

.10

 Gas

84.62

.53

.20–.86

.69

.59

.00

 Reflux/heart burn

84.62

.53

.20–.86

.69

.59

.05

 Bloating

79.49

.54

.26–.82

.59

.33

.00

 Fullness/heaviness

79.49

.46

.15–.78

.59

.49

.05

 No symptoms

92.31

.68

.35–1.00

.85

.72

.03

  1. Kappa unadjusted kappa, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, PABAK prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa, PI prevalence index, BI bias index. Reliability for questions regarding pre-training was determined using a kappa statistic or PABAK. Symptoms bleeding had 100% agreement. Responses that did not meet the reliability criteria are bolded
Back to article page

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

ISSN: 1550-2783

Contact us