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Table 3 Summary of moderator variables from the single and multiple meta-regression model for RER in response to hypoxic exposure during exercise matched for relative intensities

From: The effects of environmental hypoxia on substrate utilisation during exercise: a meta-analysis

Moderator variable

RER (relative) (n = 31)

p value

Comparison

Multiple regression p value

Pre-existing nutritional state

< 0.01

Fasted (n = 8, MD − 0.07, 95% CI − 0.09 to − 0.06)

Fed (n = 18, MD 0.06, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.10)

< 0.01

Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise

0.22

Yes (n = 4, MD − 0.04, 95% CI − 0.09 to 0.01)

No (n = 27, MD 0.02, 95% -0.02 to 0.06)

N/A

Exercise mode

0.60

Cycling (n = 26, MD 0.02, 95% CI − 0.02 to 0.05)

Running (n = 5, MD − 0.01, 95% CI − 0.04 to 0.03)

N/A

Duration of hypoxic exposure

0.67

Acute (n = 22, MD 0.02, 95% CI − 0.03 to 0.06)

Chronic (n = 9, MD 0.00, 95% CI − 0.03 to 0.04)

N/A

Type of hypoxia

0.96

Simulated normobaric hypoxia (n = 7, MD 0.01, 95% CI − 0.01 to 0.03)

Simulated hypobaric hypoxia (n = 9, MD 0.00, 95% CI − 0.03 to 0.03)

Terrestrial altitude (n = 15, MD 0.02, 95% CI − 0.03 to 0.07)

N/A

Percentage male

0.43

Meta-regression percentage male vs. MD (slope 0.0006, 95% CI − 0.0009 to 0.0021)

N/A

Exercise intensity

0.04

Meta-regression of exercise intensity vs. MD (slope 0.0033, 95% CI 0.0002 to 0.0065)

0.049

Exercise duration

0.78

Meta-regression of exercise duration vs. MD (slope − 0.0002, 95% CI − 0.0018 to 0.014)

N/A

Altitude height

0.90

Meta-regression of altitude height vs. ES (slope − 0.00, 95% CI − 0.00 to 0.00)

N/A