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Table 2 Mean Likert-Scores of the WHOQOLBREF-Items Displayed by Diet Group

From: Quality of life of female and male vegetarian and vegan endurance runners compared to omnivores – results from the NURMI study (step 2)

Question

Total

Omnivorous

Vegetarian/Vegan

p

η2

How would you rate your Quality of Life? 1

 Women

4.33 ± 0.58

4.38 ± 0.59

4.30 ± 0.58

0.450

0.002

 Men

4.48 ± 0.65

4.46 ± 0.74

4.49 ± 0.53

How satisfied are you with your health? 2

 Women

4.09 ± 0.93

4.03 ± 1.11

4.13 ± 0.82

0.176

0.007

 Men

4.30 ± 0.95

4.11 ± 1.13

4.51 ± 0.68

To what extent do you feel that physical pain prevents you from doing what you need to do? 3

 Women

1.33 ± 0.58

1.31 ± 0.65

1.35 ± 0.54

0.145

0.008

 Men

1.34 ± 0.57

1.42 ± 0.62

1.25 ± 0.52

How much do you need any medical treatment to function in your daily life? 3

 Women

1.15 ± 0.42

1.24 ± 0.55

1.10 ± 0.34

0.357

0.003

 Men

1.22 ± 0.67

1.23 ± 0.68

1.21 ± 0.65

How much do you enjoy life? 3

 Women

4.17 ± 0.71

4.31 ± 0.79

4.09 ± 0.67

0.354

0.003

 Men

4.17 ± 0.71

4.20 ± 0.73

4.14 ± 0.69

To what extent do you feel your life to be meaningful? 3

 Women

4.16 ± 0.65

4.19 ± 0.71

4.15 ± 0.62

0.487

0.002

 Men

4.28 ± 0.77

4.31 ± 0.86

4,25 ± 0.67

How well are you able to concentrate? 3

 

 Women

3.89 ± 0.75

4.02 ± 0.82

3.81 ± 0.72

0.217

0.006

 Men

4.01 ± 0.72

4.00 ± 0.78

4.02 ± 0.65

How safe do you feel in your daily life? 3

 

 Women

4.16 ± 0.65

4.19 ± 0.71

4.15 ± 0.62

0.904

< 0.001

 Men

4.28 ± 0.77

4.31 ± 0.86

4.25 ± 0.67

How healthy is your physical environment? 3

 Women

3.91 ± 0.78

3.93 ± 0.75

3.90 ± 0.81

0.190

0.006

 Men

3.98 ± 0.80

4.11 ± 0.80

3.82 ± 0.81

Do you have enough energy for everyday life? 4

 Women

4.18 ± 0.64

4.16 ± 0.70

4.19 ± 0.61

0.893

< 0.001

 Men

4.34 ± 0.61

4.34 ± 0.62

4.35 ± 0.61

Are you able to accept your bodily appearance? 4

 Women

4.00 ± 0.70

3.79 ± 0.73

4.02 ± 0.69

0.407

0.002

 Men

4.24 ± 0.69

4.28 ± 0.66

4.19 ± 0.72

Have you enough money to meet your needs? 4

 Women

3.98 ± 0.79

4.14 ± 0.63

3.89 ± 0.88

0.261

0.005

 Men

3.93 ± 0.82

3.94 ± 0.86

3.91 ± 0.77

How available to you is the information that you need in your day-to-day life? 4

 Women

4.65 ± 0.50

4.79 ± 0.43

4.57 ± 0.54

0.093

0.010

 Men

4.71 ± 0.46

4.72 ± 0.46

4.70 ± 0.46

To what extent do you have the opportunity for leisure activities? 4

 Women

4.33 ± 0.70

4.43 ± 0.73

4.28 ± 0.68

0.089

0.010

 Men

4.28 ± 0.69

4.22 ± 0.75

4.35 ± 0.61

How well are you able to get around? 1

 

 Women

4.84 ± 0.39

4.78 ± 0.46

4.87 ± 0.34

0.198

0.006

 Men

4.88 ± 0.33

4.89 ± 0.32

4.86 ± 0.35

How satisfied are you with your sleep? 2

 

 Women

3.82 ± 0.91

3.64 ± 0.85

3.92 ± 0.95

0.030

0.017

 Men

3.96 ± 0.85

4.05 ± 0.85

3.86 ± 0.86

How satisfied are you with your ability to perform your daily living activities? 2

 Women

4.26 ± 0.72

4.36 ± 0.62

4.20 ± 0.78

0.197

0.006

 Men

4.34 ± 0.58

4.32 ± 0.62

4.37 ± 0.53

How satisfied are you with your capacity for work? 2

 Women

4.23 ± 0.71

4.28 ± 0.67

4.23 ± 0.71

0.717

< 0.001

 Men

4.46 ± 0.65

4.52 ± 0.68

4.39 ± 0.61

How satisfied are you with yourself? 2

 

 Women

3.75 ± 0.60

4.00 ± 0.62

3.94 ± 0.82

0.821

< 0.001

 Men

4.14 ± 0.72

4.18 ± 0.79

4.09 ± 0.64

How satisfied are you with your personal relationships? 2

 Women

4.02 ± 0.82

4.09 ± 0.76

3.98 ± 0.86

0.366

0.003

 Men

4.08 ± 0.80

4.22 ± 0.79

3.93 ± 0.83

How satisfied are you with your sex life? 2

 Women

3.58 ± 0.96

3.52 ± 0.98

3.62 ± 0.95

0.170

0.007

 Men

3.58 ± 1.09

3.69 ± 1.11

3.46 ± 1.08

How satisfied are you with the support you get from your friends? 2

 Women

3.99 ± 0.73

4.00 ± 0.62

3.98 ± 0.79

0.067

0.012

 Men

3.85 ± 0.76

4.02 ± 0.72

3.67 ± 0.81

How satisfied are you with the conditions of your living place? 2

 Women

4.13 ± 0.90

4.28 ± 0.89

4.04 ± 0.91

0.386

0.003

 Men

4.14 ± 0.91

4.34 ± 0.95

3.91 ± 0.88

How satisfied are you with your access to health services? 2

 Women

4.19 ± 0.81

4.22 ± 0.75

4.18 ± 0.84

0.654

0.001

 Men

4.25 ± 0.75

4.31 ± 0.84

4.18 ± 0.66

How satisfied are you with your transport? 2

 Women

4.25 ± 0.79

4.31 ± 0.63

4.22 ± 0.87

0.830

< 0.001

 Men

4.36 ± 0.78

4.38 ± 0.83

4.33 ± 0.72

How often do you have negative feelings such as blue mood, despair, anxiety, depression? 5

 Women

2.23 ± 0.83

1.95 ± 0.76

2.23 ± 0.83

0.261

0.005

 Men

1.63 ± 0.88

1.54 ± 0.94

1.74 ± 0.81

  1. Note. Results are presented as mean ± SD. p – p-value for ANOVA test. η2 – effect size
  2. 11 = very poor, 2 = poor, 3 = neither poor nor good, 4 = good, 5 = very good
  3. 21 = very dissatisfied, 2 = dissatisfied, 3 = neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, 4 = satisfied, 5 = very satisfied
  4. 31 = not at all, 2 = a little, 3 = a moderate amount, 4 = very much, 5 = an extreme amount
  5. 41 = not at all, 2 = a little, 3 = moderately, 4 = mostly, 5 = completely
  6. 51 = never, 2 = seldom, 3 = quite often, 4 = very often, 5 = always