Effects of acute ingestion of a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without p-synephrine on resting energy expenditure, cognitive function and exercise performance

Table 8 Muscle and Liver enzymes and Markers of Catabolism

Variable	Treatment	Time (h)		p-level
Variable	Treatment	0	2	p-level
ALP	PLA	79.8 ± 21.7	85.7 ± 27.5	0.70
(U/L)	PWS	77.7 ± 31.1	82.3 ± 22.5
(U/L)	PWS + S	75.0 ± 19.2	82.2 ± 23.0
ALT	PLA	29.5 ± 27.6	33.3 ± 32.9	0.26
(U/L)	PWS	24.5 ± 11.0	28.0 ± 12.2
(U/L)	PWS + S	25.7 ± 11.7	27.1 ± 10.1
AST	PLA	38.1 ± 60.6	44.9 ± 75.7	0.37
(U/L)	PWS	24.9 ± 6.2	29.6 ± 7.1
(U/L)	PWS + S	25.3 ± 6.6	28.8 ± 6.5
CK	PLA	713 ± 2354	836 ± 2786	0.33
(U/L)	PWS	191 ± 104	231 ± 111
(U/L)	PWS + S	189 ± 85	223 ± 85
LDH	PLA	182 ± 77	205 ± 115	0.55
(U/L)	PWS	161 ± 18	187 ± 22
(U/L)	PWS + S	167 ± 26	192 ± 24
BUN	PLA	15.9 ± 4.8	14.4 ± 4.1	0.013
(mg/dl)	PWS	17.4 ± 4.7	15.1 ± 3.7*
(mg/dl)	PWS + S	16.4 ± 4.0	15.9 ± 3.5
Creatinine	PLA	0.99 ± 0.14	1.05 ± 0.16	0.037
(mg/dl)	PWS	1.09 ± 0.17 ^a,c	1.23 ± 0.17 *^a
(mg/dl)	PWS + S	0.97 ± 0.14	1.11 ± 0.17 *^a,b
BUN: Creatinine	PLA	16.2 ± 5.9	13.9 ± 4.9 *	<0.001
	PWS	16.2 ± 5.0	12.3 ± 3.2 *^a,c
	PWS + S	17.1 ± 4.8	14.4 ± 3.4 *

Values are means ± standard deviations for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine. MANOVA analysis revealed overall Wilks’ Lambda treatment (p < 0.001), time (p < 0.001), and treatment x time (p < 0.001) effects. Greenhouse-Geisser univariate p-levels of interaction (treatment x time) are reported above. * represents p < 0.05 difference from baseline. ^a denotes a significant difference from PLA. ^b denotes a significant difference from PWS. ^c denotes a significant difference from PWS + S

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