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Table 7 Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines

From: Effects of powdered Montmorency tart cherry supplementation on acute endurance exercise performance in aerobically trained individuals

Variable

Group

Baseline

Pre-Run

60-min Post

24-hr Post

48-hr Post

Group Mean

p-value (GG)

p-value (WSC)

RFT Covariate p-value (WSC)

TNF-α (pg/mL)

P

2.34 ± 1.23

2.74 ± 1.22

3.02 ± 1.55

2.48 ± 1.04

2.49 ± 0.90

2.61 ± 0.26

G = 0.922

 

G = 0.654

TC

2.49 ± 0.98

2.82 ± 0.90

2.93 ± 1.36

2.60 ± 0.91

2.42 ± 0.82

2.65 ± 0.31

T = 0.003*

T q   = 0.003*

T L   = 0.156

Time Mean

2.40 ± 1.12

2.77 ± 1.08†

2.98 ± 1.45†

2.53 ± 0.97Ψ◊

2.46 ± 0.85Ψ◊

 

G X T = 0.779

G X T L   = 0.504

G X T L   = 0.151

IFN-Îł (pg/mL)

P

7.67 ± 6.52

8.02 ± 7.77

8.73 ± 9.49

7.36 ± 7.15

7.75 ± 7.78

7.91 ± 2.55

G = 0.382

 

G = 0.570

TC

10.96 ± 11.44

10.71 ± 9.14

11.51 ± 12.50

12.47 ± 17.61

11.68 ± 15.42

11.47 ± 3.08

T = 0.604

T q   = 0.184

T L   = 0.424

Time Mean

9.01 ± 8.81

9.12 ± 8.29

9.86 ± 10.67

9.44 ± 12.46

9.35 ± 11.41

 

G X T = 0.388

G X T L   = 0.456

G X T q   = 0.461

IL-1β (pg/mL)

P

0.67 ± 0.15

0.85 ± 0.21

0.84 ± 0.19

0.75 ± 0.20

0.69 ± 0.16

0.76 ± 0.08

G = 0.059§

 

G = 0.058§

TC

0.93 ± 0.51

1.12 ± 0.58

1.05 ± 0.39

0.98 ± 0.44

0.93 ± 0.40

1.00 ± 0.09

T <0.001*

T q   <0.001*

T L   = 0.559

Time Mean

0.78 ± 0.36

0.96 ± 0.42†

0.92 ± 0.30†

0.85 ± 0.33Ψ◊

0.79 ± 0.30Ψ◊

 

G X T = 0.860

G X T q   = 0.662

G X T L   = 0.465

IL-2 (pg/mL)

P

1.18 ± 0.96

1.33 ± 1.10

1.51 ± 1.38

1.23 ± 0.85

1.27 ± 0.94

1.30 ± 0.28

G = 0.939

 

G = 0.786

TC

1.17 ± 1.20

1.64 ± 2.18

1.32 ± 0.99

1.12 ± 1.01

1.11 ± 1.06

1.27 ± 0.34

T = 0.070§

T q   = 0.001*

T L   = 0.293

Time Mean

1.17 ± 1.04

1.46 ± 1.60†

1.43 ± 1.22†

1.18 ± 0.90◊

1.21 ± 0.97◊

 

G X T = 0.290

G X T L   = 0.195

G X T L   = 0.089§

IL-6 (pg/mL)

P

0.63 ± 0.54^

0.75 ± 0.53^

2.33 ± 1.38†Ψ

0.69 ± 0.44^◊

0.68 ± 0.43

1.02 ± 0.19

G = 0.017*

 

G = 0.509

TC

0.94 ± 1.00

1.14 ± 1.27†

2.32 ± 1.69†Ψ

0.89 ± 0.97Ψ◊

0.79 ± 0.76Ψ

1.21 ± 0.23

T <0.001*

T q   <0.001*

T q   = 0.648

Time Mean

0.76 ± 0.76

0.91 ± 0.90†

2.33 ± 1.48†Ψ

0.77 ± 0.69Ψ◊

0.72 ± 0.58Ψ◊

 

G X T = 0.550

G X T L   = 0.053§

G X T L   = 0.064§

IL-8 (pg/mL)

P

2.74 ± 1.58

2.84 ± 1.29

6.21 ± 3.51

2.94 ± 1.24

2.52 ± 1.01

3.45 ± 0.4

G = 0.002*

 

G = 0.637

TC

3.31 ± 1.87

3.24 ± 1.71

5.39 ± 2.78

3.26 ± 2.08

2.74 ± 1.47

3.59 ± 0.49

T <0.001*

T q   <0.001*

T q   = 0.185

Time Mean

2.98 ± 1.69

3.00 ± 1.46

5.88 ± 3.20†

3.07 ± 1.61◊

2.61 ± 1.20Ψ◊#

 

G X T = 0.287

G X T q   = 0.269

G X T q   = 0.166

IL-12p70

(pg/mL)

P

1.79 ± 1.83

1.84 ± 1.75

1.95 ± 1.93

1.70 ± 1.56

1.81 ± 1.93

1.82 ± 0.42

G = 0.009*

 

G = 0.706

TC

1.54 ± 1.78

1.59 ± 1.52

1.75 ± 1.93

1.34 ± 1.29

1.27 ± 1.12

1.50 ± 0.51

T = 0.012*

T q   = 0.008*

T q   = 0.893

Time Mean

1.69 ± 1.78

1.74 ± 1.63

1.87 ± 1.89†

1.55 ± 1.44Ψ◊

1.59 ± 1.65Ψ◊

 

G X T = 0.310

G X T q   = 0.124

G X T q   = 0.167

  1. Individual group and time data expressed as means ± SD, while group effects are presented as means ± SEM. Data represents the pro-inflammatory response at each testing session during the 10 day intervention. MANOVA analysis revealed overall Wilks’ Lambda time (p <0.001) and group x time (p = 0.302). Univariate ANOVA p-levels from MANOVA analysis are presented for each variable. Univariate ANOVA p-levels are listed first by the Greenhouse-Geisser (GG) analysis and then by the within-subjects contrasts (WSC) to demonstrate the potential shape of the time or group x time interaction with significance indicated by the following super/subscripts: * indicates p <0.05 p-level significance, § indicates p <0.10 p-level significance. LSD post hoc analysis is indicated by the following superscripts: ^ represents p <0.05 difference between groups, † represents p <0.05 difference from baseline value, Ψ represents p <0.05 difference from pre-run, â—Š represents p <0.05 difference from 60-min post, # represents p <0.05 difference from 24-hr post. TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha, IFN-Îł interferon gamma, IL interleukin, RFT race finish time, G group p-level, T time p-level, G x T interaction, q quadratic p-level, L linear p-level