Table 2 Anthropometry and blood lipid, glucose, nitrate, and creatine characteristics of Study 2 participants
Day | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Group | Baseline | 7 | 28 | p-level | |
Body Weight | PLA | 77.3 ± 11.9 | 77.6 ± 12.1 | 77.4 ± 12.7 | Group | 0.003 |
(kg) | CrM | 81.7 ± 13.2 | 82.4 ± 13.4 | 82.6 ± 14.0 | Time | 0.002 |
CrN-Low | 72.0 ± 9.7 | 72.2 ± 9.9 | 72.7 ± 10.0 | Group × Time | 0.29 | |
CrN-High | 90.8 ± 13.4 | 90.8 ± 13.2 | 92.0 ± 14.3 | |||
Fat Mass | PLA | 12.7 ± 6.3 | 12.6 ± 6.3 | 12.7 ± 6.3 | Group | 0.02 |
(kg) | CrM | 12.9 ± 5.3 | 13.0 ± 5.5 | 13.2 ± 5.2 | Time | 0.17 |
CrN-Low | 8.9 ± 4.7 | 8.7 ± 4.6 | 9.1 ± 4.7 | Group × Time | 0.90 | |
CrN-High | 16.5 ± 6.9 | 16.2 ± 6.4 | 16.6 ± 7.4 | |||
Fat-Free Mass | PLA | 58.1 ± 8.0 | 58.5 ± 8.0 | 58.3 ± 8.3 | Group | 0.01 |
(kg) | CrM | 62.4 ± 8.7 | 62.5 ± 8.8 | 62.9 ± 9.2 | Time | 0.02 |
CrN-Low | 56.9 ± 7.4 | 57.4 ± 7.3 | 57.3 ± 7.3 | Group × Time | 0.50 | |
CrN-High | 67.4 ± 8.1 | 67.7 ± 8.2 | 68.5 ± 8.2 | |||
Body Fat | PLA | 17.8 ± 6.9 | 17.1 ± 6.7 | 17.2 ± 6.7 | Group | 0.07 |
(%) | CrM | 16.7 ± 4.0 | 16.8 ± 4.3 | 16.8 ± 3.7 | Time | 0.24 |
CrN-Low | 13.1 ± 5.4 | 12.8 ± 5.2 | 13.2 ± 5.2 | Group × Time | 0.78 | |
CrN-High | 19.2 ± 5.9 | 18.7 ± 5.5 | 18.8 ± 6.3 | |||
Total Body Water | PLA | 51.3 ± 4.5 | 50.6 ± 5.1 | 52.5 ± 6.9 | Group | 0.18 |
(%) | CrM | 51.4 ± 3.3 | 50.8 ± 3.7 | 49.4 ± 8.4 | Time | 0.64 |
CrN-Low | 52.9 ± 4.6 | 54.1 ± 5.1 | 52.7 ± 4.2 | Group × Time | 0.47 | |
CrN-High | 50.6 ± 6.5 | 48.8 ± 4.1 | 49.0 ± 4.7 | |||
Lipids, Glucose, Nitrate, and Creatine | ||||||
Total-C | PLA | 165.0 ± 33.4 | 161.5 ± 38.8 | 164.6 ± 38.8 | Group | 0.19 |
(mg/dl) | CrM | 174.4 ± 25.5 | 175.4 ± 27.8 | 183.4 ± 41.1 | Time | 0.38 |
CrN-Low | 151.9 ± 35.8 | 149.7 ± 29.5 | 150.0 ± 37.5 | Group × Time | 0.83 | |
CrN-High | 162.7 ± 25.1 | 155.9 ± 23.8 | 160.7 ± 29.1 | |||
HDL-C | PLA | 49.2 ± 11.4 | 50.6 ± 10.2 | 50.3 ± 12.8 | Group | 0.62 |
(mg/dl) | CrM | 51.8 ± 15.2 | 54.7 ± 15.5 | 55.2 ± 17.4 | Time | 0.36 |
CrN-Low | 48.6 ± 15.7 | 48.3 ± 15.1 | 47.9 ± 12.8 | Group × Time | 0.85 | |
CrN-High | 46.7 ± 10.7 | 47.2 ± 12.3 | 48.7 ± 10.6 | |||
Total-C/HDL-C | PL | 3.45 ± 0.71 | 3.23 ± 0.64 | 3.30 ± 0.59 | Group | 0.82 |
Ratio | CrM | 3.70 ± 1.46 | 3.50 ± 1.34 | 3.69 ± 1.58 | Time | 0.24 |
(mg/dl) | CrN-Low | 3.26 ± 0.81 | 3.32 ± 1.04 | 3.29 ± 1.05 | Group × Time | 0.74 |
CrN-High | 3.62 ± 0.82 | 3.47 ± 0.88 | 3.44 ± 0.94 | |||
LDL-C | PLA | 93.4 ± 23.4 | 91.7 ± 29.6 | 95.8 ± 34.6 | Group | 0.34 |
(mg/dl) | CrM | 103.8 ± 33.3 | 106.6 ± 33.5 | 112.2 ± 49.0 | Time | 0.36 |
CrN-Low | 86.3 ± 22.6 | 84.8 ± 23.7 | 87.3 ± 28.7 | Group × Time | 0.88 | |
CrN-High | 95.2 ± 25.0 | 93.4 ± 22.9 | 94.3 ± 28.4 | |||
Triglyceride | PLA | 109.1 ± 52.5 | 98.2 ± 36.9 | 94.2 ± 19.1 | Group | 0.63 |
(mg/dl) | CrM | 114.5 ± 60.6 | 93.1 ± 30.9 | 112.0 ± 42.6 | Time | 0.16 |
CrN-Low | 87.5 ± 43.2 | 90.7 ± 49.1 | 85.8 ± 30.7 | Group × Time | 0.69 | |
CrN-High | 104.8 ± 47.1 | 85.6 ± 39.2 | 97.2 ± 49.8 | |||
Glucose | PLA | 102.0 ± 18.6 | 102.1 ± 15.3 | 94.9 ± 12.6 | Group | 0.74 |
(mg/dl) | CrM | 97.5 ± 13.9 | 99.7 ± 15.1 | 100.4 ± 16.8 | Time | 0.70 |
CrN-Low | 96.1 ± 8.5 | 96.1 ± 7.9 | 96.4 ± 17.9 | Group × Time | 0.27 | |
CrN-High | 97.1 ± 9.4 | 93.2 ± 5.2 | 96.0 ± 9.4 | |||
Nitrate | PLA | 4.5 ± 2.0 | 5.1 ± 3.3 | 9.0 ± 15.3 | Group | 0.001 |
(μmol/L) | CrM | 4.9 ± 3.6 | 3.8 ± 1.8 | 4.5 ± 1.8 | Time | 0.001 |
CrN-Low | 5.6 ± 3.1 | 64.8 ± 30.9a,b | 13.9 ± 13.9 | Group × Time | 0.001 | |
CrN-High | 4.3 ± 1.6 | 72.0 ± 47.3a,b | 21.5 ± 28.9b | |||
Creatine | PLA | 131.1 ± 92.2 | 143.5 ± 131.9 | 150.6 ± 152.0 | Group | 0.04 |
(μmol/L) | CrM | 165.2 ± 94.4c | 504.9 ± 422.8d | 231.2 ± 126.1 | Time | 0.001 |
CrN-Low | 73.0 ± 56.4 | 170.4 ± 153.7 | 147.9 ± 95.3 | Group × Time | 0.01 | |
CrN-High | 120.3 ± 99.8 | 241.3 ± 131.9 | 251.9 ± 406.4 | |||