Acute and chronic safety and efficacy of dose dependent creatine nitrate supplementation and exercise performance

Galvan, Elfego; Walker, Dillon K.; Simbo, Sunday Y.; Dalton, Ryan; Levers, Kyle; O’Connor, Abigail; Goodenough, Chelsea; Barringer, Nicholas D.; Greenwood, Mike; Rasmussen, Christopher; Smith, Stephen B.; Riechman, Steven E.; Fluckey, James D.; Murano, Peter S.; Earnest, Conrad P.; Kreider, Richard B.

doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0124-0

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

Table 1 Hemodynamic and hematological response to supplementation for Study 1

From: Acute and chronic safety and efficacy of dose dependent creatine nitrate supplementation and exercise performance

		Time (hours)
	Group	0	0.5	1	2	3	4	5	Interaction	p-Level
Hemodynamics
HR	PLA	59.7 ± 8.2	60.1 ± 7.4	58.8 ± 7.7	57.2 ± 5.3	58.0 ± 7.4	54.8 ± 6.4	56.0 ± 7.3	Group	0.23
(b/min)	CrM	63.8 ± 11.8	60.9 ± 5.7	59.9 ± 8.2	58.2 ± 7.0	56.3 ± 6.8	59.6 ± 8.8	58.5 ± 10.0	Time	0.15
	CrN-Low	60.0 ± 8.4	57.9 ± 8.3	58.8 ± 9.0	56.3 ± 6.0	56.3 ± 6.0	56.9 ± 5.7	55.1 ± 5.9	Group × Time	0.59
	CrN-High	59.1 ± 9.0	56.7 ± 7.4	57.9 ± 5.8	58.6 ± 3.8	58.0 ± 4.1	56.8 ± 4.7	57.5 ± 3.8
Systolic BP	PLA	114.8 ± 6.2	113.9 ± 5.6	112.6 ± 4.9	116.5 ± 6.7	116.0 ± 4.8	117.2 ± 8.5	115.5 ± 5.2	Group	0.37
(mm Hg)	CrM	114.6 ± 5.1	112.6 ± 4.4	112.2 ± 4.2	114.9 ± 5.3	112.9 ± 6.1	113.1 ± 5.8	114.9 ± 3.8	Time	0.02
	CrN-Low	115.9 ± 6.1	113.1 ± 4.1	111.9 ± 5.2	113.5 ± 6.9	114.6 ± 6.9	114.62 ± 5.0	112.5 ± 3.5	Group × Time	0.39
	CrN-High	115.4 ± 6.7	114.2 ± 5.5	111.4 ± 6.6	112.5 ± 6.0	113.5 ± 6.2	113.7 ± 9.7	114.2 ± 7.0
Diastolic BP	PLA	73.1 ± 6.6	71.9 ± 7.5	72.2 ± 6.6	72.3 ± 7.3	73.1 ± 6.6	74.0 ± 5.5	72.3 ± 5.7	Group	0.66
(mm Hg)	CrM	70.3 ± 6.6	71.5 ± 7.8	72.5 ± 4.1	73.9 ± 5.4	72.8 ± 6.0	73.9 ± 5.0	74.5 ± 4.0	Time	0.29
	CrN-Low	72.2 ± 6.5	73.5 ± 5.4	71.9 ± 6.1	75.5 ± 5.4	74.3 ± 6.2	74.5 ± 4.6	73.1 ± 4.1	Group × Time	0.18
	CrN-High	73.1 ± 7.9	77.1 ± 4.8	73.9 ± 6.5	74.5 ± 5.2	73.7 ± 6.1	72.2 ± 7.9	72.9 ± 4.8
Lipids
Total-C	PLA	153.8 ± 28.4	156.2 ± 31.1	161.0 ± 31.8	162.5 ± 32.9	164.5 ± 31.2	164.6 ± 36.7	165.0 ± 36.1	Group	0.59
(mg/dl)	CrM	156.8 ± 29.3	157.2 ± 29.3	160.7 ± 34.3	157.2 ± 31.4	159.3 ± 30.4	160.3 ± 32.8	160.2 ± 28.3	Time	0.06
	CrN-Low	154.5 ± 27.6	154.2 ± 28.0	155.7 ± 31.7	156.0 ± 27.8	158.6 ± 28.9	158.5 ± 26.8	159.5 ± 27.9	Group × Time	0.77
	CrN-High	158.3 ± 30.0	163.2 ± 27.0	162.3 ± 32.6	159.9 ± 26.9	163.9 ± 32.6	162.9 ± 26.8	163.5 ± 27.9
HDL-C	PLA	55.8 ± 15.3	58.2 ± 15.6	58.8 ± 17.4	59.9 ± 16.1	61.0 ± 15.7	61.6 ± 17.0	62.2 ± 17.9	Group	0.29
(mg/dl)	CrM	53.9 ± 17.1	54.1 ± 16.7	55.6 ± 18.4	55.1 ± 17.2	56.0 ± 17.1	56.9 ± 17.6	56.4 ± 18.8	Time	0.001
	CrN-Low	51.0 ± 14.1	50.8 ± 15.6	51.2 ± 15.0	52.1 ± 14.9	53.8 ± 14.5	54.9 ± 15.2	55.3 ± 15.8	Group × Time	0.64
	CrN-High	52.9 ± 17.5	54.7 ± 17.0	54.2 ± 16.8	54.2 ± 17.3	55.4 ± 16.9	55.2 ± 16.3	55.4 ± 17.7
Total-C/HDL-C	PLA	2.9 ± 0.8	2.8 ± 0.8	2.9 ± 0.8	2.8 ± 0.8	2.8 ± 0.8	2.8 ± 0.8	2.8 ± 0.8	Group	0.40
Ratio	CrM	3.1 ± 1.0	3.1 ± 0.9	3.1 ± 0.9	3.0 ± 0.8	3.0 ± 0.8	3.0 ± 0.8	3.1 ± 0.9	Time	0.09
(mg/dl)	CrN-Low	3.3 ± 1.2	3.3 ± 1.1	3.3 ± 1.0	3.2 ± 1.0	3.2 ± 1.0	3.1 ± 1.0	3.1 ± 1.0	Group × Time	0.62
	CrN-High	3.3 ± 1.4	3.3 ± 1.4	3.3 ± 1.4	3.3 ± 1.5	3.3 ± 1.4	3.3 ± 1.5	3.3 ± 1.5
LDL-C	PLA	94.0 ± 26.3	96.5 ± 27.6	98.1 ± 28.1	100.1 ± 29.1	102.4 ± 32.6	102.5 ± 32.3	102.2 ± 32.0	Group	0.72
(mg/dl)	CrM	99.1 ± 25.6	99.0 ± 24.1	102.5 ± 27.7	101.1 ± 24.7	102.0 ± 23.7	103.8 ± 26.5	102.5 ± 22.9	Time	0.06
	CrN-Low	97.2 ± 23.0	97.1 ± 22.4	98.8 ± 24.0	100.0 ± 22.4	102.4 ± 23.1	102.6 ± 21.6	104.4 ± 22.5	Group × Time	0.67
	CrN-High	102.7 ± 27.1	105.3 ± 25.8	105.0 ± 29.8	104.1 ± 26.6	101.5 ± 43.7	106.0 ± 27.0	105.4 ± 25.8
Triglyceride	PLA	79.2 ± 26.2	82.1 ± 27.9	78.8 ± 24.8	73.9 ± 23.5	72.6 ± 21.0	71.8 ± 22.1	71.1 ± 22.6	Group	0.60
(mg/dl)	CrM	90.7 ± 33.1	88.1 ± 34.1	86.6 ± 30.9	76.2 ± 27.3	72.5 ± 25.9	73.7 ± 27.2	68.9 ± 22.6	Time	0.01
	CrN-Low	88.3 ± 36.9	94.5 ± 37.9	90.6 ± 34.7	79.4 ± 25.3	75.4 ± 20.4	73.2 ± 18.3	72.8 ± 17.9	Group × Time	0.66
	CrN-High	79.4 ± 25.6	86.1 ± 34.1	81.8 ± 29.1	73.0 ± 18.3	70.9 ± 19.5	71.9 ± 19.4	70.2 ± 20.3
Glucose	PLA	95.8 ± 10.3	103.0 ± 10.4	92.1 ± 8.0	92.2 ± 5.5	91.5 ± 4.0	85.9 ± 26.1	91.9 ± 4.3	Group	0.33
(mg/dl)	CrM	96.3 ± 9.9	85.3 ± 27.0	91.4 ± 6.0	89.8 ± 5.1	91.4 ± 5.4	91.6 ± 5.6	91.2 ± 4.9	Time	0.01
	CrN-Low	96.3 ± 5.5	102.6 ± 8.1	94.1 ± 5.9	91.8 ± 6.5	91.2 ± 6.8	92.9 ± 6.7	92.1 ± 6.2	Group × Time	0.12
	CrN-High	94.7 ± 7.5	96.1 ± 6.4	91.4 ± 6.2	91.1 ± 4.0	90.6 ± 5.4	91.3 ± 4.2	83.8 ± 25.3
Hepatorenal function
ALP	PLA	7.9 ± 6.5	11.5 ± 8.0	11.9 ± 8.8	13.3 ± 9.1	13.9 ± 9.9	14.3 ± 9.4	16.9 ± 14.1	Group	0.23
(U/L)	CrM	14.7 ± 9.1	15.9 ± 11.7	15.9 ± 10.4	16.8 ± 12.9	20.5 ± 14.4	25.4 ± 15.3	24.6 ± 14.9	Time	0.001
	CrN-Low	12.3 ± 9.3	16.3 ± 10.3	20.3 ± 10.8	18.7 ± 11.5	21.7 ± 10.9	20.6 ± 10.2	22.8 ± 10.5	Group × Time	0.65
	CrN-High	12.8 ± 8.1	17.5 ± 9.5	16.1 ± 8.2	17.2 ± 11.2	16.2 ± 9.7	17.2 ± 15.6	20.1 ± 18.1
ALT	PLA	19 ± 8.2	19.5 ± 9.1	20.2 ± 9.6	19.6 ± 8.5	20.2 ± 9.7	20.3 ± 9.3	20.2 ± 9.3	Group	0.70
(U/L)	CrM	20.3 ± 7.3	20.5 ± 7.7	21.4 ± 7.8	21.1 ± 8.4	21.1 ± 8.4	21.0 ± 7.9	21.2 ± 8.7	Time	0.001
	CrN-Low	20.1 ± 7.7	20.63 ± 8.4	20.7 ± 8.5	20.8 ± 8.1	21.3 ± 8.2	21.0 ± 8.3	21.1 ± 8.0	Group × Time	0.66
	CrN-High	21.2 ± 8.5	21.3 ± 8.3	21.5 ± 8.7	21.9 ± 8.6	21.1 ± 8.5	22.6 ± 8.8	22.7 ± 8.8
AST	PLA	24.7 ± 4.9	23.8 ± 5.3	25.1 ± 4.7	25.4 ± 5.8	25.5 ± 5.8	25.2 ± 6.2	25.5 ± 6.1	Group	0.40
(U/L)	CrM	25.9 ± 7.9	26.5 ± 8.8	27.1 ± 8.9	26.0 ± 9.1	26.3 ± 8.8	26.5 ± 8.6	27.0 ± 9.5	Time	0.12
	CrN-Low	24.1 ± 6.1	24.6 ± 6.3	23.9 ± 5.9	24.7 ± 6.1	24.8 ± 5.3	24.3 ± 5.6	24.6 ± 5.4	Group × Time	0.64
	CrN-High	28.0 ± 15.6	28.8 ± 16.3	28.7 ± 16.4	28.8 ± 14.8	29.6 ± 15.2	28.9 ± 14.8	29.8 ± 16.0
CK	PLA	260 ± 222	264 ± 231	266 ± 219	262 ± 210	259 ± 211	254 ± 200	247 ± 193	Group	0.40
(U/L)	CrM	160 ± 220	262 ± 222	263 ± 212	240 ± 207	249 ± 195	242 ± 189	237 ± 185	Time	0.06
	CrN-Low	265 ± 275	270 ± 273	272 ± 287	267 ± 271	266 ± 273	256 ± 250	255 ± 252	Group × Time	0.51
	CrN-High	490 ± 931	505 ± 958	497 ± 940	475 ± 864	470 ± 863	453 ± 809	470 ± 894
LDH	PLA	168 ± 40	158 ± 24	170 ± 27	172 ± 26	169 ± 22	171 ± 30	171 ± 27	Group	0.08
(U/L)	CrM	168 ± 21	164 ± 31	168 ± 31	162 ± 23	164 ± 28	165 ± 31	172 ± 29	Time	0.39
	CrN-Low	146 ± 25	165 ± 31	155 ± 19	161 ± 23	160 ± 18	158 ± 22	159 ± 18	Group × Time	0.40
	CrN-High	169 ± 36	179 ± 42	183 ± 40	167 ± 47	196 ± 74	176 ± 32	180 ± 27
BUN	PLA	14.4 ± 4.8	14.0 ± 4.2	14.0 ± 4.3	13.4 ± 4.5	13.2 ± 4.2	12.8 ± 4.1	12.3 ± 3.8	Group	0.28
(mg/dl)	CrM	15.2 ± 5.0	14.8 ± 4.6	14.6 ± 4.7	13.7 ± 4.5	13.4 ± 4.3	13.1 ± 4.3	12.6 ± 4.0	Time	0.001
	CrN-Low	13.5 ± 4.8	13.0 ± 4.5	12.8 ± 4.5	12.2 ± 4.1	12.1 ± 4.1	11.6 ± 3.8	11.4 ± 3.8	Group × Time	0.76
	CrN-High	14.6 ± 5.1	14.5 ± 5.22	14.1 ± 4.9	13.7 ± 5.1	13.2 ± 4.6	12.9 ± 4.3	12.7 ± 4.3
Creatinine	PLA	1.00 ± 0.15	0.99 ± 0.16	0.99 ± 0.15	0.98 ± 0.15	0.98 ± 0.15	0.98 ± 0.17	0.95 ± 0.14^d	Group	0.001
(mg/dl)	CrM	0.99 ± 0.18	1.04 ± 0.17	1.04 ± 0.19	1.01 ± 0.19	0.99 ± 0.17	0.99 ± 0.17	1.00 ± 0.17	Time	0.001
	CrN-Low	1.01 ± 0.19	1.08 ± 0.18	1.09 ± 0.17^a,d	1.05 ± 0.16^a	1.05 ± 0.17^a	1.02 ± 0.18^a	1.01 ± 1.16	Group × Time	0.001
	CrN-High	1.05 ± 0.14^a	1.11 ± 0.15^a,b	1.17 ± 0.14^a,b,c	1.12 ± 0.16^a,b,c	1.06 ± 0.16^a	1.03 ± 0.13^a	1.02 ± 0.14
BUN: Creatinine	PLA	14.4 ± 4.2	14.2 ± 4.1	14.3 ± 4.1	13.7 ± 3.9	13.5 ± 3.6	13.1 ± 3.4	12.9 ± 3.2	Group	0.11
(mg/dl)	CrM	15.3 ± 4.3	14.5 ± 4.3	14.2 ± 3.9	13.7 ± 4.1	13.6 ± 4.2	13.4 ± 4.1	12.7 ± 3.5	Time	0.001
	CrN-Low	13.7 ± 5.4	12.2 ± 4.6	11.9 ± 4.6	11.8 ± 4.3	11.8 ± 4.4	11.7 ± 4.1	11.5 ± 4.0	Group × Time	0.08
	CrN-High	14.0 ± 4.8	13.2 ± 4.6	12.0 ± 3.9	12.3 ± 4.0	12.6 ± 3.9	12.5 ± 3.8	12.5 ± 3.9

Data are mean ± SD. To convert respective values to mmol/L multiply total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C to mmol/L multiply by 0.0259; triglycerides by 0.0113, BUN by 0.357 and glucose by 0.0555. To convert ALP, ALT, AST, CK, LDH, to μkat/L multiply by 0.0167. To convert creatinine to μmol/L multiply by 88.54. p < 0.05 is considered significant
Statistical notations. ^adenotes a significant difference from PLA. ^bdenotes a significant difference from CrM. ^cdenotes a significant difference from CrN-Low. ^ddenotes a significant difference from CrM, CrN-Low, and CrN-High

Back to article page

ISSN: 1550-2783

Contact us

Submission enquiries: Access here and click Contact Us
General enquiries: info@biomedcentral.com