Fig. 2

Regulation of AMPK by energy status. The γ-subunit interacts with the nucleotides ATP, ADP and AMP. A high ATP to ADP and AMP ratio inhibits AMPK, whereas a decrease in the ratio activates the kinase. Interaction of glycogen with the β-subunit allosterically inhibits AMPK activity. Activated AMPK phosphorylates TSC2 at two residues (Thr1227 and Ser1345) which are important for its activation. Moreover, activated AMPK phosphorylates Raptor at two residues (Ser722 and Ser792) which inhibits mTORC1 activity