Table 3 Associations between supplement use and health-related reasons for supplementation
Supplement | Medical (19 %) | Improve Diet (43 %) | Stay Healthy (81 %) | Support Immune System (52 %) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Multi-vitamin/Multi-mineral (67 %) | χ 2 = 12.576 p < 0.001 V = 0.150 | χ 2 = 7.057 p = 0.008 V = 0.112 | χ 2 = 32.679 p < 0.001 V = 0.241 | χ 2 = 41.807 p < 0.001 V = 0.273 |
Vitamin C (66 %) | χ 2 = 5.825 p = 0.016 V = 0.102 | χ 2 = 15.603 p < 0.001 V = 0.166 | χ 2 = 35.707 p < 0.001 V = 0.252 | χ 2 = 32.878 p < 0.001 V = 0.241 |
B Vitamins (32 %) | χ 2 = 3.623 p = 0.057 V = 0.080 | χ 2 = 12.740 p < 0.001 V = 0.150 | χ 2 = 14.195 p < 0.001 V = 0.159 | χ 2 = 17.709 p < 0.001 V = 0.177 |
Vitamin E (26 %) | χ 2 = 2.136 p = 0.144 V = 0.062 | χ 2 = 8.109 p = 0.004 V = 0.120 | χ 2 = 8.428 p = 0.004 V = 0.122 | χ 2 = 10.368 p = 0.001 V = 0.136 |
Vitamin D (48 %) | χ 2 = 15.691 p < 0.001 V = 0.167 | χ 2 = 12.615 p < 0.001 V = 0.150 | χ 2 = 32.496 p < 0.001 V = 0.240 | χ 2 = 22.208 p < 0.001 V = 0.199 |
Vitamin-enriched Water (65 %) | χ 2 = 3.386 p = 0.066 V = 0.077 | χ 2 = 4.664 p = 0.031 V = 0.091 | χ 2 = 5.183 p = 0.023 V = 0.096 | χ 2 = 2.510 p = 0.113 V = 0.067 |
Iron (27 %) | χ 2 = 17.142 p < 0.001 V = 0.174 | χ 2 = 20.320 p < 0.001 V = 0.190 | χ 2 = 13.759 p < 0.001 V = 0.156 | χ 2 = 16.803 p < 0.001 V = 0.172 |
Calcium (43 %) | χ 2 = 22.947 p < 0.001 V = 0.202 | χ 2 = 30.458 p < 0.001 V = 0.232 | χ 2 = 31.370 p < 0.001 V = 0.236 | χ 2 = 26.782 p < 0.001 V = 0.218 |
Magnesium (17 %) | χ 2 = 1.001 p = 0.317 V = 0.042 | χ 2 = 9.440 p = 0.002 V = 0.129 | χ 2 = 8.538 p = 0.003 V = 0.123 | χ 2 = 12.815 p < 0.001 V = 0.151 |
Protein Powder (51 %) | χ 2 = 1.692 p = 0.193 V = 0.055 | χ 2 = 14.825 p < 0.001 V = 0.162 | χ 2 = 5.085 p = 0.024 V = 0.095 | χ 2 = 16.882 p < 0.001 V = 0.173 |
BCAA (8 %) | χ 2 = 0.233 p = 0.629 V = 0.020 | χ 2 = 9.765 p = 0.002 V = 0.132 | χ 2 = 2.415 p = 0.120 V = 0.065 | χ 2 = 7.317 p = 0.007 V = 0.114 |
Beta-alanine (4 %) | χ 2 = 5.191 p = 0.023 V = 0.096 | χ 2 = 3.369 p = 0.066 V = 0.077 | χ 2 = 0.871 p = 0.351 V = 0.039 | χ 2 = 0.228 p = 0.633 V = 0.020 |
Glutamine (8 %) | χ 2 = 0.260 p = 0.610 V = 0.021 | χ 2 = 13.015 p < 0.001 V= 0.152 | χ 2 = 4.687 p = 0.030 V = 0.091 | χ 2 = 6.923 p = 0.009 V = 0.111 |
Fatty Acids (40 %) | χ 2 = 13.960 p < 0.001 V = 0.157 | χ 2 = 9.602 p = 0.002 V = 0.130 | χ 2 = 21.589 p < 0.001 V = 0.196 | χ 2 = 34.971 p < 0.001 V = 0.249 |
Energy Drinks (27 %) | χ 2 = 4.642 p = 0.031 V = 0.091 | χ 2 = 8.362 p = 0.004 V = 0.122 | χ 2 = 0.757 p = 0.384 V = 0.037 | χ 2 = 0.285 p = 0.593 V = 0.022 |
Sport/Electrolyte Drinks (90 %) | χ 2 = 0.817 p = 0.366 V = 0.038 | χ 2 = 1.164 p = 0.281 V = 0.045 | χ 2 = 5.081 p = 0.024 V = 0.095 | χ 2 = 1.172 p = 0.279 V = 0.046 |
Sport Gels/Gummies (26 %) | χ 2 = 1.315 p = 0.251 V = 0.048 | χ 2 = 0.555 p = 0.456 V = 0.031 | χ 2 = 5.810 p = 0.016 V = 0.101 | χ 2 = 3.462 p = 0.063 V = 0.078 |
Sport/Protein Bar (71 %) | χ 2 = 0.961 p = 0.327 V = 0.041 | χ 2 = 10.708 p = 0.001 V = 0.138 | χ 2 = 11.233 p = 0.001 V = 0.141 | χ 2 = 10.456 p = 0.001 V = 0.136 |
Recovery Drinks (31 %) | χ 2 = 0.166 p = 0.684 V = 0.017 | χ 2 = 10.532 p = 0.001 V = 0.137 | χ 2 = 6.735 p = 0.009 V = 0.109 | χ 2 = 9.528 p = 0.002 V = 0.130 |
Creatine (7 %) | χ 2 = 0.015 p = 0.903 V = 0.005 | χ 2 = 1.416 p = 0.234 V = 0.050 | χ 2 = 0.123 p = 0.726 V = 0.015 | χ 2 = 1.617 p = 0.204 V = 0.054 |
Plant Extracts (47 %) | χ 2 = 9.536 p = 0.002 V = 0.130 | χ 2 = 7.859 p = 0.005 V = 0.118 | χ 2 = 9.864 p = 0.002 V = 0.132 | χ 2 = 49.130 p < 0.001 V = 0.295 |