Fig. 2

Effects of PA with or without the co-ingestion of WPC on other intramuscular signaling markers. Legend: Data are presented as means ± standard error. Bars not sharing similar superscript letters are significantly different (p < 0.05) as determined by one-way ANOVAs with protected LSD post hoc comparisons. CON n-size = 13, PA, WPC, and PA + WPC n-sizes = 7–8. Panel a: Effects of each ingredient on AMPK-α phosphorylation 3 h post-ingestion (cellular energy sensor; more phosphorylation is related to decreased mTOR pathway activation). Panel b: Effects of each ingredient on Erk-1/2 phosphorylation 3 h post-ingestion (positive upstream modulator of protein synthesis). Panel c: Effects of each ingredient on PDK1 phosphorylation 3 h post-ingestion (upstream modulator of protein synthesis). Panel d & e: Effects of each ingredient on GSK-3α/β phosphorylation 3 h post-ingestion (upstream modulator of protein synthesis). Panel f: Effects of each ingredient on PRAS40 phosphorylation 3 h post-ingestion (negative upstream modulator of protein synthesis)