Table 3 Vitamin D correlation and intervention studies on force & power production

Ceglia et al. 2013

[55]

Elderly

21 Mobility-Limited Women (age 2 65) with 25{OH)D levels of 225 to 60 nmol/L

Intervention - RCT- Placebo + Double Blind

4000 lU/Day of Vitamin D or Placebo

4 Months

Vitamin D3 supplementation ↑ intramyonuclear VDR concentration by 30 % and increased muscle fiber size by 10 % in older, mobility-limited, vitamin D- insufficient women.

Close et al. 2013

[56]

Athletes

10 Male Professional Soccer Players

Correlation + Intervention - RCT

5000 lU/Day of Vitamin D3 or Placebo

8 Weeks

Vitamin D vs Placebo: (1) ↑ Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (2) ↑ in Vertical Jump (3) Faster 10 m sprint times

Close et al. 2013

[10]

Athletes

30 Club-Level Athletes from UK

Intervention - RCT

Three Groups: Placebo, 20,000lU/Week, or 40,000 IU/week of Oral Vitamin D3 (Performance Testing: 1-RM Bench Press, 1-RM Leg Press and Vertical Jump)

12 Weeks

Both 20,000 IU and 40,000 IU of Vitamin D3 ↑ 25(OH)D over > 50 nmol/L, but had no effect on any performance measurement

Fitzgeral et al. 2014

[41]

Athletes

52 Caucasian Competitive Ice Hockey Players (age 20.1 ± 1.5) (V02max 54.6 ± 4.3)

Cross-sectional

Performance Testing: Maximal Oxygen Uptake (V02peak), Max Heart Rate (HR), Peak RER, Total Exercise Time

1 Month Recruiting Phase During Off-Season (May to June)

All Athletes had 25(OH)D Levels £65.0 ng/mL, 37.7 % of the Athletes had 25(OH)D levels of < 32 ng/mL & 25(OH) D status was not significantly associated with any parameter measured

Forney et al. 2014

[42]

Active College Students

39 Phyiscally Active College Students(20 Males, 19 Females)

Correlation

25(0H)D Levels of 20.97 ± 1.97 ng/mL (N = 20) or44.15 ± 2.17 ng/mL (N = 19)- Primary Outcomes: BMI, % Body Fat, Resting Metabolic Rate, Maximal Oxygen Uptake (V02max), Power Output (Watts), and Muscle Strength

14 Days

Significant positive relationship seen between V02max and 25(OH)D & Significant negative relationship seen between BMI and 25(OH)D