Table 1 Vitamin D correlation and intervention studies on Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max)

Gregory et al. 2013

[37]

Healthy adults

213 Healthy Male (N = 104) and Female (N = 109) Adults (44.8 ± 16.4)

Correlation

3 Groups: Deficient (<50 nmol/L, N = 16), Insufficient (>50nmoI/L, but < 75 nmol/L, N = 57), Sufficient (>75 nmol/L, N = 140)

6 Months

Aerobic Fitness Not Affected by 25(OH)D Levels

Mowry, Costello & Heelan 2007

[38]

Mixed females

59 Non-Trained Females (age 16to 24; 19.86 ± 2.13), 55 Caucasian and 4 Asian (V02max of 39.10 ± 7.18 mL/kg/min)

Correlation

Serum 25(OH)D Levels of 46.19 ± 20.14 ng/mL

-

Significant positive association with V02max and 25(OH)D Levels & Significant inverse assocation with body fat and both V02max and 25(OH)D

Ardestani et al. 2011

[39]

Healthy adults

200 Healthy Adults (age 40 ± 14.4), Male (N = 92) and Female (N = 108) (V02max of 40 ± 9.1 and 30 ± 8.5, respectively)

Correlation

Serum 25(OH)D levels of 34 ± 13.3 ng/mL

-

25(OH)D concentrations are positively (p =0.05) related to V02max & Significant Interaction between 25(OH)D and Self- Reported Hours of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (Higher 25(OH)D = Higher Activity)

Koundourakis et al. 2014

[40]

Athletes

67 Caucasian Male Professional Soccer Players (age 25.6 ± 6.2)

Correlation

Performance Testing: Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), 10 (10 m) and 20 m(20 m)sprint, Maximal Oxygen Uptake (V02max), and anthropometry

6 Weeks (Pre Off- Sea onto Post Off- Season)

Significant correlations between 25(OH)D and ALL performance parameters for both PRE and POST experimental sessions

Fitzgeral et al. 2014

[41]

Athletes

52 Caucasian Competitive Ice Hockey Players (age 20.1 ± 1.5) (V02max 54.6 ± 4.3)

Cross-sectional

Performance Testing: Maximal Oxygen Uptake (V02peak), Max Heart Rate (HR), Peak RER, Total Exercise Time

1 Month Recruiting Phase During Off-Season (May to June)

All Athletes had 25(OH)D Levels <. 65.0 ng/mL, 37.7 % of the Athletes had 25(OH)D levels of < 32 ng/mL & 25(OH)D status was not significantly associated with any parameter measured

Forney et al. 2014

[42]

Active College Students

39 Physically Active College Students (20 Males, 19 Females)

Correlation

25(0H)D Levels of 20.97 ± 1.97 ng/mL (N = 20) or 44.15 ± 2.17 ng/mL (N = 19)- Primary Outcomes: BMI, % Body Fat, Resting Metabolic Rate, Maximal Oxygen Uptake (V02max), Power Output (Watts), and Muscle Strength

-

Significant positive relationship seen between V02max and 25(OH)D & Significant negative relationship seen between BMI and 25{OH)D

Jastrzebski 2014

[43]

Athletes

14 Elite Lightweight Rowers

Intervention - RCT

6000 IU/day of Vita min D3 vs Placebo in 25(0H)D sufficient athletes (>30 ng/mL)

8 Weeks

Vitamin D vs Placebo: Significant ↑ in V02max (12.1 % and 10.3 %, respectively) and 25(OH)D concentrations by 400 % (~120 ng/mL)