Table 2 Effects of the 9-month nutritional intervention on the energy and nutrients intake, TEE, BW and composition M ± SD

Energy (kcal)

1640 ± 412

2130 ± 503

2300 ± 290

2368 ± 182

< 0.001

NS

< 0.001

0.03

NS

< 0.001

Fat (g)

57.0 ± 18.9

71.0 ± 19.7

72.6 ± 17.2

73.2 ± 15.9

<0.001

NS

<0.001

NS

NS

<0.001

Protein (g)

58.8 ± 13.3

77.3 ± 17.5

82.7 ± 9.7

85.3 ± 9.3

<0.001

NS

<0.001

NS

NS

<0.001

Carbohydrate (g)

222.8 ± 55.7

295.7 ± 72.0

328.9 ± 50.9

342.0 ± 33.2

<0.001

NS

<0.001

0.004

NS

<0.001

TEE (kcal/d)

2038 ± 279

2170 ± 372

2276 ± 236

2292 ± 245

NS

NS

0.005

NS

NS

0.002

EB (kcal/d)

-384 ± 267

-40 ± 267

24 ± 111

75 ± 147

NS

NS

<0.001

NS

NS

<0.001

EEE (kcal/d)

731 ± 207

758 ± 315

737 ± 129

750 ± 113

<0.001

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

EA (kcal/kg FFM/d)

21.7 ± 7.2

32.8 ± 6.8

35.9 ± 5.5

37.2 ± 4.2

0.NS

NS

<0.001

0.017

NS

<0.001

BW (kg)

52.9 ± 5.8

53.2 ± 5.7

54.4 ± 5.0

54.2 ± 4.7

<0.001

0.001

<0.001

0.003

NS

0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

18.9 ± 1.7

19.0 ± 1.7

19.5 ± 1.5

19.4 ± 1.4

NS

0.001

<0.001

0.003

NS

0.001

FM (%)

18.7 ± 3.2

19.2 ± 3.2

19.5 ± 3.7

19.3 ± 3.3

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

FM (kg)

9.9 ± 2.2

10.2 ± 2.3

10.6 ± 2.4

10.5 ± 2.1

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

FFM (%)

81.3 ± 3.2

80.8 ± 3.2

80.5 ± 3.7

80.7 ± 3.3

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

FFM (kg)

43.0 ± 4.8

42.8 ± 4.6

43.8 ± 4.4

43.7 ± 4.0

NS

0.042

NS

0.040

NS

NS

0

3

6

9

0 vs. 3

3 vs. 6

0 vs. 6

3 vs. 9

6 vs. 9

0 vs. 9

Energy (kcal)

2354 ± 539

2588 ± 557

2803 ± 387

2800 ± 321

0.041

NS

< 0.001

NS

NS

< 0.001

Fat (g)

92.2 ± 27.5

84.2 ± 20.4

95.0 ± 19.7

87.4 ± 11.1

NS

0.034

NS

NS

NS

NS

Protein (g)

75.6 ± 14.8

85.5 ± 15.6

90.8 ± 12.7

93.0 ± 10.7

0.004

NS

<0.001

0.038

NS

<0.001

Carbohydrate (g)

305.4 ± 78.0

372.2 ± 86.3

395.9 ± 59.8

410.2 ± 56.9

<0.001

NS

<0.001

0.038

NS

<0.001

TEE (kcal/d)

2642 ± 348

2638 ± 421

2744 ± 348

2741 ± 328

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

EB (kcal/d)

-288 ± 477

-51 ± 224

59 ± 72

59 ± 89

0.002

NS

<0.001

NS

NS

<0.001

EEE (kcal/d)

959 ± 174

905 ± 337

898 ± 283

868 ± 275

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

EA (kcal/kg FFM/d)

52.9 ± 5.8

35.8 ± 12.3

41.0 ± 8.6

40.9 ± 8.2

0.011

0.001

<0.001

0.001

NS

<0.001

BW (kg)

59.3 ± 5.3

59.6 ± 5.3

59.5 ± 5.7

59.4 ± 5.8

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

BMI (kg/m²)

20.6 ± 1.4

20.7 ± 1.5

20.7 ± 1.6

20.6 ± 1.7

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

FM (%)

20.6 ± 3.7

21.0 ± 3.5

21.3 ± 3.4

21.2 ± 3.1

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

FM (kg)

12.2 ± 2.4

12.5 ± 2.4

12.7 ± 2.7

12.6 ± 2.5

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

FFM (%)

79.4 ± 3.7

79.0 ± 3.7

78.7 ± 3.4

78.8 ± 3.1

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

FFM (kg)

47.1 ± 4.9

47.1 ± 4.8

46.8 ± 4.2

46.8 ± 4.3

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS