Effects of lowering body temperature via hyperhydration, with and without glycerol ingestion and practical precooling on cycling time trial performance in hot and humid conditions

Table 2 Fluid balance

	CON	PC	PC + G
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
‘First waking’ Urine Specific Gravity	1.015 ± 0.005	1.015 ± 0.005	1.016 ± 0.004
Δ BM^A (kg)	−2.56 ± 0.60	−2.50 ± 0.61	−2.52 ± 0.60
Δ BM^A (%)	−3.19 ± 0.83	−3.13 ± 0.90	−3.14 ± 0.85
Sweat rate ^A (L.h^-1)	−1.94 ± 0.48	−1.91 ± 0.48	−1.92 ± 0.47
Total fluid consumed ^B (L)	2.18 ± 0.74	3.22 ± 1.24*	3.24 ± 1.25*
Total urine volume ^C (L)	1.71 ± 0.34	1.51 ± 0.30	1.20 ± 0.36 *^#

Note: ^A represents n=11; pre to post time trial, B represents fluids consumed from −180 min prior to the time trial until the end of the time trial, ^C represents urine volume collected from −150 min prior to the time trial until immediately after the time trial, * represents substantial difference to CON (P<0.05), ^# represents substantial difference between PC and PC+G treatments (P=0.03).

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