Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) supplements are not orally bioavailable: a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial in healthy humans

Table 1 Pharmacokinetic parameters for uric acid and lithium after oral administration of ATP

Mode of administration (time period)	AUC uric acid mmol.min/L	C _max mmol/L (range)	t _max min (range)	AUC Lithium mmol.min
Naso-duodenal tube
ATP (270 min)	19.6 ± 4.4 ^a,b,c	0.31 ± 0.03	135	n.a.
		(0.23-0.38)	(105–240)
Placebo (270 min)	−0.4 ± 0.4	0.21 ± 0.03	n.a.	n.a.
		(0.15-0.33)
Proximal-release pellets
ATP (270 min)	16.1 ± 3.0	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Placebo (270 min)	0.8 ± 0.9	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
ATP (420 min)	25.4 ± 5.7 ^d,e	0.30 ± 0.03	240	65174 ± 7985 ^f
		(0.21-0.41)	(165–390)
Placebo (420 min)	0.9 ± 1.1	0.20 ± 0.02	n.a.	117914 ± 15021 ^f
		(0.16-0.31)
Distal-release pellets
ATP (270 min)	1.7 ± 1.1	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
ATP (420 min)	3.2 ± 1.4	0.22 ± 0.02	390	12575 ± 2832 ^f
		(0.17-0.34)	(105–420)

Values are group means ± SEM, n = 8 per formulation, P-values are based on paired-samples t-tests. N.a. = not available.
^a Different from naso-duodenal tube placebo (P = 0.002), ^b Different from ATP distal-release pellets 270 min (P = 0.007), ^c Different from proximal-release placebo pellets 270 min (P = 0.007) ^d Different from ATP distal release pellets 420 min (P = 0.005), ^e Different from proximal-release placebo pellets (P = 0.005), ^f Different from each other (P < 0.001).

ISSN: 1550-2783