Table 1 Summary of pairwise associations between health maintenance reasons for use and type of supplements used.
From: Nutritional supplement use by elite young UK athletes: fallacies of advice regarding efficacy
Nutritional supplementsa | Avoid sickness | Imbalanced diet | Lack of sleep | Overcome injury | Aid recovery |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multivitamin | χ2 = 3.684 | χ2 = .060 | χ2 = 21.763 | ||
ϕ = .096 | ϕ = .012 | NA | NA | ϕ = .233 | |
(.055) | (.806) | (< .001) | |||
Echinacea | χ2 = .726 | NA | |||
ϕ = .042 | NA | NA | NA | ||
(.394) | |||||
Vitamin C | χ2 = 4.417 | χ2 = .021 | χ2 = .261 | ||
ϕ = .105 | ϕ = .007 | NA | ϕ = .015 | NA | |
(.036) | (.886) | (.610) | |||
Iron | NA | χ2 = .568 | |||
ϕ = .038 | NA | NA | NA | ||
(.451) | |||||
Ginseng b | χ2 = 0.593 | χ2 = 17.866 | |||
ϕ = -.038 | NA | ϕ = .211 | NA | NA | |
(.441) | (< .001) | ||||
Whey protein | χ2 = 1.957 | ||||
NA | ϕ = .038 | NA | NA | NA | |
(.162) | |||||
Caffeine | χ2 = 3.255 | ||||
NA | NA | ϕ = .090 | NA | NA | |
(.071) | |||||
Creatine | χ2 = 1.995 | ||||
NA | ϕ = -.070 | NA | NA | NA | |
(.158) | |||||
Energy drinks | χ2 = 4.765 | χ2 = .137 | |||
NA | ϕ = -.109 | ϕ = -.018 | NA | NA | |
(.029) | (.711) |