Table 1 Articles related to gender differences in substrate utilization
From: Gender Differences in Carbohydrate Metabolism and Carbohydrate Loading
Author | Subject Population | Dietary Hormonal Protocol | Exercise Protocol | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Friedlander, 1998 | 17 healthy females | Glucose was infused during Two pretraining trials (45 and 65% of VO2 peak) and two posttraining trials [same absolute workload (65% of old VO2 peak) and same relative workload (65% of new VO2 peak) | 5 days/wk, 1-h duration, 75% VO2peak | Glucose use is directly related to exercise intensity; training does reduce total carbohydrate oxidation |
Carter, 2001 | 8 males | 17 beta-estradiol at 3 mg/d was administered for 8 days | 90 min cycling session | Short-term oral 17 beta-estradiol administration had no effect on substrate oxidation during exercise in men. |
Roepstorff, 2002 | 7 males, 7 females; endurance trained | None | 90 min of bicycle exercise at 58% VO2peak | In females, measured substrate oxidation accounted for 99% of the leg oxygen uptake, whereas in males 28% of leg oxygen uptake was unaccounted for in terms of measured oxidized lipid substrates |
Galliven, 1997 | 7 women, 8 women | None | Study 1: high-intensity exercise at 90% VO2max; Study 2: moderate-intensity exercise at 70% VO2max in the AM and PM in the follicular (days 3–9), midcycle (days 10–16), and luteal (days 18–26) phases of the menstrual cycle | No significant in blood glucose levels; metabolic and hormonal responses to short-term, high-intensity exercise can be assessed with equal reliability in the AM and PM and that there are subtle differences in blood glucose responses to moderate-intensity exercise across menstrual cycle phase |
Hackney, 1994 | 9 women | None | 30-min treadmill run where intensity was increased every 10 min (35%, 60%, and 75% VO2peak); tests performed at midfollicular and the midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle | The phase of the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic women does influence metabolic substrate usage during low- to moderate-intensity submaximal exercise |
Horton, 1998 | 14 men, 13 women | None | 2 h (40% VO2peak) of cycling and 2 h of postexercise recovery | During exercise, women derived proportionally more of the total energy expended from fat oxidation, whereas men derived proportionally more energy from carbohydrate oxidation; Epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were greater during exercise in men than in women |
Tarnopolsky, 1995 | 7 males and 8 females; endurance athletes | increase carbohydrate intake to 75% of daily energy intake for a period of 4 days | Cycling at 75% VO2peak 60 min | Men increased muscle glycogen concentration 41% in response to dietary manipulation and showed an increase in performance time during an 85% VO2 peak trial (45%), whereas the women did not increase glycogen concentration (0%) or performance time (5%); The women oxidized significantly more lipid and less carbohydrate and protein compared with the men during exercise at 75% VO2-peak |
Tarnopolsky, 1990 | 6 males, 6 females; endurance trained | None | Treadmill running at 65% VO2peak for 90–101 min | Males showed greater muscle glycogen utilization (by 25%); during moderate-intensity long-duration exercise, females demonstrate greater lipid utilization and less carbohydrate and protein metabolism than equally trained and nourished males |
Mittendorfer, 2002 | 5 males, 5 females | None | 90 min of moderate-intensity at 50% VO2 peak on a cycle ergorneter | Total fatty acid oxidation was similar in men and women, but the relative contribution of plasma FFA to total fatty acid oxidation was higher in women (76 +/- 5%) than in men (46 +/- 5%) |
Tarnopolsky, 2001 | 6 males, 6 females; endurance trained | 3 diets: habitual, high carbohydrate (75% total daily energy), and carbohydrate + extra energy (upward arrow~34% extra daily caloric intake)] for a 4-day period | None | Total glycogen concentration was higher for the men on the high carbohydrate and carbohydrate + extra energy trials compared with habitual, whereas women increased only on the carbohydrate + extra energy trial compared with habitual |
Ruby, 2002 | 5 males, 6 females | None | Cycling for 25 min at 70 and 90% of O(2) uptake (VO(2)) at LT (70 and 90% LT | No differences between genders in the relative contribution of carbohydrate (CHO) to total energy expenditure; the relative contribution of blood glucose to total CHO oxidation was significantly higher in women |