Effect of fed- versus fasted state resistance training during Ramadan on body composition and selected metabolic parameters in bodybuilders

Table 5 Renal function markers and serum electrolyte concentrations before and at the end of Ramadan, M ± SD

Group				Ramadan effect			Group effect			Ramadan × group effect
Group				F(1,14)	P-value	η_p²	F(1,14)	P-value	η_p²	F(1,14)	P-value	η_p²
Urea (mmol•l^-1)	FAST	4.55 ± 0.33	4.72 ± 0.39**	15.05	0.002	0.52	0.06	0.81	0.004	1.35	0.26	0.08
[CV = 5.7%]^a	FED	4.43 ± 0.18	4.76 ± 0.19*	15.05	0.002	0.52	0.06	0.81	0.004	1.35	0.26	0.08
Creatinine (μmol•l^-1)	FAST	89.87 ± 3.18	94.12 ± 4.26*	15	0.002	0.51	1.17	0.3	0.07	0.1	0.76	0.01
[CV = 3%]	FED	87.32 ± 5.32	92.62 ± 3.78*	15	0.002	0.51	1.17	0.3	0.07	0.1	0.76	0.01
Uric acid (μmol•l^-1)	FAST	309.75 ± 68.96	356.75 ± 63.86***	22.4	<0.001	0.61	1.21	0.28	0.08	0	0.99	0
[CV = 2.8%]	FED	279 ± 56.07	326.12 ± 44.73*	22.4	<0.001	0.61	1.21	0.28	0.08	0	0.99	0
Creatinine clearance	FAST	129.27 ± 9.02	125.09 ± 11.97	5.36	0.04	0.27	0.008	0.93	0.0005	0.19	0.67	0.01
(ml•min-1)	FED	130.61 ± 6.86	124.46 ± 7.96	5.36	0.04	0.27	0.008	0.93	0.0005	0.19	0.67	0.01
Sodium (mmol•l^-1)	FAST	142.25 ± 2.71	144.25 ± 1.16*	17.9	<0.001	0.56	0.2	0.64	0.01	0	1	0
[CV = 2.7%]	FED	142.62 ± 1.41	144.62 ± 1.68*	17.9	<0.001	0.56	0.2	0.64	0.01	0	1	0
Potassium (mmol•l^-1)	FAST	4.49 ± 0.42	4.74 ± 0.55*	3.09	0.1	0.18	0.02	0.9	0.001	10.66	0.006	0.43
[CV = 2.8%]	FED	4.67 ± 0.37	4.6 ± 0.23	3.09	0.1	0.18	0.02	0.9	0.001	10.66	0.006	0.43
Chloride (mmol•l^-1)	FAST	102.37 ± 1.68	104.25 ± 1.83*	20.55	<0.001	0.6	0.89	0.36	0.05	0.17	0.68	0.01
[CV = 2.9%]	FED	101.5 ± 1.19	103.75 ± 2.05**

Significantly different from before Ramadan: * (P < 0.05); ** (P < 0.01); *** (P < 0.001). Note: FAST = subjects training in a fasted state; FED = subjects training in a fed state; ^a = inter-assay coefficient of variance. Before Ramadan (Bef-R) = 2 days before beginning the fast; end of Ramadan (End-R) = 29 days after beginning the fast.